托福簡介

TOEFL(The Test of English as a Foreign Language，簡稱TOEFL)是由美國教育測驗服務(wù)社(ETS)舉辦的英語能力考試，全名為“檢定非英語為母語者的英語能力考試”，中文音譯為“托?！薄OEFL有三種，分別是： pbt—paper based test 紙考 677, cbt—computer based test 機(jī)考 300, ibt—internet based test 網(wǎng)考 120, 新托福滿分是120分。TOEFL考試的有效期為兩年，是從考試日期開始計算的。

新托福

2005年9月，美國教育考試服務(wù)中心ETS在全球推出了一種全新的綜合英語測試方法，即能夠反映在一流大專院校教學(xué)和校園生活中對語言實際需求的新托?？荚?，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。

新托福由四部分組成，分別是閱讀(Reading)、聽力(Listening)、口試(Speaking)、寫作(Writing)。

閱讀(Reading)：有三篇文章

與老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答題之前通讀全文，而是在做題的過程中分段閱讀文章。每篇文章對應(yīng)有11道試題，均為選擇題。除了**后一道試題之外，其他試題都是針對文章的某一部分提問，試題的出現(xiàn)順序與文章的段落順序一致。**后一題針對整篇文章提問，要求考生從多條選擇項中挑選若干項對全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)或歸納。新一代托福閱讀文章的篇幅比老托福閱讀文章的篇幅略長，難度也有所增加。這部分持續(xù)時間為1小時，在此時限中考生可以復(fù)查、修改已遞交的答案。

聽力(Listening)：取消了短對話

由兩篇較長的校園情景對話和四篇課堂演講組成，課堂演講每篇長約5分鐘。由于是機(jī)考，考生在聽錄音資料之前無法得知試題。在播放錄音資料時，電腦屏幕上會顯示相應(yīng)的背景圖片?？忌梢栽诼犚暨^程中記筆記?？忌荒軓?fù)查、修改已遞交的答案。這個部分持續(xù)大約50分鐘。

聽力水平無疑是新托福成功與否的關(guān)鍵，除閱讀外，無論哪一部分都離不開“聽”。對于中國考生來說，聽力卻正是薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。中國考生提高聽力的其中一條有效途徑是“聽寫法”，即把相關(guān)聽力材料拿來精聽，并把聽到的內(nèi)容逐句寫下來。也有專門用來練習(xí)新托福聽寫的軟件，如新托福聽寫王軟件?！奥爩懛ā碧岣呗犃Φ囊粋€缺點是，剛開始練習(xí)時可能比較費時。

口試(Speaking)：把TSE(Test of Spoken English)融合在新托福中

然而與現(xiàn)行的TSE相比又有較大改動。這個部分共有6題，持續(xù)約20分鐘。

**、二題要求考生就某一話題闡述自己的觀點。

第三、四題要求考生首先在45秒內(nèi)閱讀一段短文，隨后短文隱去，播放一段與短文有關(guān)的對話或課堂演講。**后，要求考生根據(jù)先前閱讀的短文和播放的對話或課堂演講回答相關(guān)問題，考生有30秒鐘的準(zhǔn)備時間，然后進(jìn)行60秒鐘的回答。例如，短文中描述了對學(xué)校體育館進(jìn)行擴(kuò)建的兩種方案，對話中一位同學(xué)闡述了自己的立場，即贊成哪種方案，反對哪種方案，并列舉了若干理由。要求考生敘述對話中同學(xué)的立場并解釋他/她列舉了哪些理由支持這一觀點。

第五、六題要求考生聽一段校園情景對話或課堂演講，然后回答相關(guān)問題?？忌?0秒鐘的準(zhǔn)備時間，之后進(jìn)行60秒鐘的回答。例如，先播放一段市場學(xué)課堂演講，演講中教授列舉了兩種市場調(diào)查的方法，然后要求考生使用課堂演講中的觀點和例子描述教授列舉出的兩種市場調(diào)查的方法。

考生可以在聽音過程中記筆記以幫助答題。在準(zhǔn)備和答題時，屏幕上會顯示倒計時的時鐘。

寫作(Writing)要求考生在1小時內(nèi)完成兩篇作文

其中一篇類似于老托福的寫作，要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)就某一話題闡述自己的觀點，字?jǐn)?shù)要求為300字以上。

另一篇則要求考生首先閱讀一篇文章，五分鐘以后，文章隱去，播放一段與文章有關(guān)的課堂演講。課堂演講列舉了一些論據(jù)反駁文章中的論點、論據(jù)。隨后要求考生在20分鐘內(nèi)寫一篇作文，總結(jié)課堂演講的論點、論據(jù)，并陳述這些論點、論據(jù)是如何反駁文章的論點、論據(jù)的，字?jǐn)?shù)要求為150字到225字之間。在寫作時，文章會重新顯示在屏幕上。這篇作文不要求考生闡述自己的觀點。

加試

般實際考試中，考生往往會在聽力或閱讀部分碰到加試試題，也有可能閱讀、聽力兩部分同時被加試。加試部分不算分(有人說會算分，說是抽幾題給分)，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加試部分(有的時候經(jīng)典加試是能判斷出來的)，所以應(yīng)該認(rèn)真對待。

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適合學(xué)員：

1.英語非常薄弱不會用英語表達(dá)的學(xué)生

2.自主性比較好的學(xué)生

課程設(shè)置：

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2.構(gòu)建學(xué)生的詞匯基礎(chǔ)以及語法基礎(chǔ)

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托福閱讀背景知識：The Civil War

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了解托福閱讀背景知識，對于提高做題準(zhǔn)確率，拓展知識儲備都很有好處，下面，新東方網(wǎng)托福頻道為大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x背景知識，希望對大家有所幫助。

Causes of the war

The American Civil War was fought between the northern and southern states from 1861 to 1865. There were two main causes of the war. The first was the issue of *slavery: should Africans who had been brought by force to the US be used as slaves. The second was the issue of states' rights: should the US federal government be more powerful than the governments of individual states.

The North and South were very different in character. The economy of the South was based on agriculture, especially cotton. Picking cotton was hard work, and the South depended on slaves for this. The North was more industrial, with a larger population and greater wealth. Slavery, and opposition to it, had existed since before independence (1776) but, in the 19th century, the abolitionists, people who wanted to make slavery illegal, gradually increased in number. The South's attitude was that each state had the right to make any law it wanted, and if southern states wanted slavery, the US government could not prevent it. Many southerners became secessionists, believing that southern states should secede from the Union (= become independent from the US).

In 1860, Abraham *Lincoln was elected President. He and his party, the *Republicans, were against slavery, but said that they would not end it. The southern states did not believe this, and began to leave the Union. In 1860 there were 34 states in the US. Eleven of them (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina) left the Union and formed the *Confederate States of America, often called the Confederacy. Jefferson *Davis became its President, and for most of the war *Richmond, Virginia, was the capital.

Four years of fighting

The US government did not want a war but, on 12 April 1861, the Confederate Army attacked *Fort Sumter, which was in the Confederate state of South Carolina but still occupied by the Union army. President Lincoln could not ignore the attack and so the Civil War began.

Over the next four years the Union army tried to take control of the South. The battles that followed, *Shiloh, Antietam, *Bull Run and Chicamauga, have become part of America's national memory. After the battle of *Gettysburg in 1863, in a speech known as the *Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln said that the North was fighting the war to keep the Union together so that '...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth'. In the same year he issued the *Emancipation Proclamation which made slavery illegal, but only in the Confederacy.

Slaves and former slaves played an important part in the war. Some gave information to Union soldiers, because they knew that their best chance of freedom was for the North to win the war. Many former slaves wanted to become Union soldiers, but this was not very popular among white northerners. In spite of this opposition about 185000 former slaves served in the Union army.

Women on both sides worked as spies, taking information, and sometimes even people, across borders by hiding them under their large skirts.

In the South especially, people suffered greatly and had little to eat. On 9 April 1865, when the South could fight no more, General Robert E *Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S *Grant at *Appomattox Court House in Virginia. A total of 620000 people had been killed and many more wounded.

The war was over but feelings of hostility against the North remained strong. John Wilkes *Booth, an actor who supported the South, decided to kill President Lincoln. On 14 April 1865 he approached the President in Ford's Theatre in Washington and shot him. Lincoln died the next morning.

The killing of President Lincoln showed how bitter many people felt. The South had been beaten, but its people had not changed their opinions about slavery or about states' rights. During the war, the differences between North and South had become even greater. The North had become richer. In the South, cities had been destroyed and the economy ruined.

Reconstruction

After the war the South became part of the United States again. This long, difficult period was called Reconstruction. The issues that had caused the war, slavery and states' rights, still had to be dealt with. The issue of slavery was difficult, because many people even in the North had prejudices against Blacks. The new state governments in the South wanted to make laws limiting the rights of Blacks, and the US government tried to stop them. Between 1865 and 1870 the 13th, 14th and 15th *Amendments to the *Constitution were passed, giving Blacks freedom, making them citizens of the US and the state where they lived, and giving them, in theory, the same rights as white Americans.

Many northern politicians went to the South where they thought they could get power easily. These northerners were called *carpet-baggers. Both carpet-baggers and southern politicians were dishonest and stole money from the new governments, which hurt the South even more.

In 1870 the last three southern states were admitted to the Union again, and in 1877 the northern army finally left the South. The war lasted four years, but efforts to reunite the country took three times as long.

Effects of the Civil War

Differences between North and South are still strong. In the South the Confederate flag is still often used, and the state flags of *Georgia and *Mississippi were made to look similar to it. The state motto is Audemus jura nostra defendere, which is Latin for 'We dare to defend our rights'. The Civil War helped to end slavery, but long afterwards Blacks were still being treated badly, and race relations continue to be a problem. The South was so angry with the *Republicans, the party of Lincoln and Reconstruction, that southerners voted *Democratic for a century. The war showed strong differences between parts of the US, but many people believe that the most important thing it did was to prove that the US is one country.

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