托福寫作之對比類型考題

   　一、對比考題何其多

　　對比類型考題在歷年托福獨(dú)立寫作考題中，會占到相當(dāng)大的比重，此類例題比比皆是。例如，從 2015年1月份第一場托福考試起到最近的4月12日的9場考試10道考題(3月7日的考試有兩道考題)中就有5道考題就是對比型考題(2015.1.25，2015.2.1，2015.3.7(1)，2015.3.7 (2)，2015.3.28)大家先來簡單回顧幾個托福真題：

　　2015.1.10

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of the field of the study.

　　2015.1.11

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important characteristic of a successful politician or leader is good communication skills.

　　2015.1.25

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates and partner can communicate with each other face to face to finish the project better than by sending e-mail.

　　2015.1.31

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The rules that the whole societies today expect to young people to follow and obey are too strict.

　　2015.2.1

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and television have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.

　　二、對比類考題的分類

　　按比較對象分類可以分為以下三類：

　　1)A or B

　　這類對比在題目中會有非常明顯對兩個對比對象，在選擇觀點(diǎn)時，只選其一(騎墻式寫法在托福寫作中不受歡迎)。

　　例如：Classmates and partner can communicate with each other face to face to finish the project better than by sending e-mail. (2015.1.25)

　　在選擇觀點(diǎn)時要么選擇face to face communication 要么選擇send e-mail.

　　2)A or (B)

　　這類考題比較含蓄，比較對象往往在考題中只出現(xiàn)一個，而另一個則可以由推斷得出。

　　例如： People will spend less time on cooking food in twenty years.(2015.3.7)

　　這道考題表面上是在問“在未來20年人們是否會更少花時間在做飯上”，實(shí)在是在將未來20年與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行對比，而它們之間的差異就是人們做飯時間差異的原因。

　　其它隱性對比考題還有：The professional athletes such as the football player and basket-ball player deserved high salaries to be paid?(2010.7.10)

　　這道考題表面上是在問職業(yè)運(yùn)動員的高薪酬是否合理，實(shí)質(zhì)上是將職業(yè)運(yùn)動員的career與其它普通的career進(jìn)行對比，職業(yè)運(yùn)動員之所以能有高薪酬，原因在于他們的career有異于其它c(diǎn)areer 的地方，如他們的職業(yè)生涯比較短，非常容易受傷，需要承受經(jīng)常比賽帶來的巨大壓力，需要參加嚴(yán)酷的訓(xùn)練等等。

　　3)A or B or C

　　這類考題中比較對象有三者，選擇觀點(diǎn)時選其一。此類考題不常見，但從2012年開始幾乎每年都會考到幾次。

　　例如：During time of economy crisis, government should reduce budgets in: (1)education, (2) health care; (3) support for unemployed. (2013.2.2)

　　Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends: (1) joininga sports team; (2) participate in community activities; (3) traveling (2014.3.15)

　　此類題目在對比時可以三者一一對比，如A與B對比，A與C對比，也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成兩者對比，如A與BC對比。

　　三、對比類型考題解題常犯錯誤：

　　小伙伴們在寫對比類型題目時經(jīng)常會犯這樣一個錯誤：忽略對比。

　　例如：讓在A跟 B之間做選擇，假設(shè)選擇了A, 錯誤的寫法是只寫A的好處，而決口不提B,也就是在寫作過程中忽略了對比，這樣的論證其實(shí)是不完整的。完整但論證應(yīng)該是繼寫A的好處，同時要提B沒有這方面的好處或提B的壞處。下面給一篇對比類型文章的范文：

　　In order to celebrate important events such as graduation or a special birthday, some of them prefer a large party, while others prefer a small party that only close friends and relatives are invited.

　　Delightfully, our everyday life is rife with various kinds of celebrations. When celebrating major events, I prefer to hold a small party with only close friends and relatives invited for the following reasons.

　　Firstly, a small party is less costly. A small party does not require vast place or abundant supply of food and drink, thus helping to save money. For instance, when celebrating my 18th birthday, I chose to hold a small party at home, inviting merely my close friends and relatives. Instead of purchasing a tremendous amount of fast food as well as snacks, I prepared the food and the drink by myself with the assistance of my mother, which significantly lowered my expense. While the party was not held on some grand location, everybody was having a good time, chatting at my cozy home and eating my hand-made deserts. By contrast, had I threw a big party, I would have needed to rent a more spacious place, buy more foods and even have needed to temporarily employ some people to help organize the party, which would be quite costly.

　　Secondly, it is more convenient to organize a small party. Hosting a large party entails a wealth of time and numerous people during the process of preparation before the party and cleaning up after the party. In other words, to organize a large party, one need to invest considerable time and even needs to resort to others’ assistance, which has the potential to disrupt his/her life, thus leading to inconvenience. On the other hand, because there are only a few individuals invited, a small party requires far less time in setting up the place and preparing for food and cleaning up trashes. Considerably less time-consuming and energy consuming, a small party causes far less inconvenience.

　　Thirdly, a small party is more instrumental in promoting close relationship. In a small party in which only a few people are involved, each one can have more time and opportunities to talk with others. Also, since only intimate friends and relatives are invited, both host and guests can feel more comfortable, thus behaving and talking more naturally. All of these advantages of small party help to boost joy and promote relationship. A large party, however, is highly inferior in this aspect. To illustrate, in my high-school graduation celebration party, which was a huge one, I invited approximately 60 people. Theconsequence was that I was so busy introducing people to each other and busy controlling the party so that it would not descend into a mess that I barely had time to talk with my close friends. In the end of the party, I was exhausted and a little disappointed. After that, I realized a small party was, in reality, a more advisable choice.

　　As illustrated above, a small party has more merits of saving money, time and upgrading relationship. Hence, it is a more judicious option than a large party in celebrating major events.

　　上面是一篇典型的對比類型考題的文章，從中可以看出在寫此類文章時：

　　1.body paragraph的主題句就要體現(xiàn)對比，例如范文中每一個body 的主題句都有more 或者less這樣的比較級詞;

　　2.body paragraph的論證部分也要出現(xiàn)對比，例如范文的觀點(diǎn)是認(rèn)為small party 比較好，但在論證時不僅論證small party的好處，同時也提到了big party在相關(guān)方面的弊端，兩相對比凸顯出small party是更好的選擇。

　　四、對比類型考題可以采用的論證方式

　　1)a. A有好處1，B沒有

　　b. A有好處2，B沒有

　　c. A 有好處3，B沒有

　　例如，上面的small party，big party就是按照這種論證方式來寫的。

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