四級六級閱讀練習（8）：壓力太大對免疫系統(tǒng)的影響

小編寄語：熟悉四六級閱讀理解題型的同學應該都了解，英語四六級考試閱讀理解材料大多選自《時代》《衛(wèi)報》《科學美國人》等外刊。要想閱讀理解這部分拿到高分，必須在平常多閱讀，掌握新詞匯，鍛煉閱讀速度。但對于很多同學來說，如何每日在浩瀚的互聯網世界尋找合適的閱讀材料進行分析解讀是一項很耗時間的事情。為此，　英語每日精選《衛(wèi)報》《時代》等外刊上的文章供大家進行閱讀練習。

【今日閱讀推薦】本篇閱讀材料“壓力太大對免疫系統(tǒng)的影響”選自《今日美國》（原文標題：Study shows how stress triggers immune system 2012.1.27），涉及到較多的醫(yī)學名詞。如果大家覺得比較簡單，就當作泛讀材料了解了解，認識幾個新單詞或新表達方式也不錯。如果大家覺得這些材料理解上有難度，不妨當做挑戰(zhàn)自己的拔高訓練，希望大家都有進步^^

Shedding some light on why stress might be bad for you, a new study finds that parts of your immune system ramp up when you get into personal conflicts with others.

shed light on  查明；說明；解釋；照亮

immune system  免疫系統(tǒng)

ramp up  增加；加強

It's not clear how this effect of stress may make you sick, but the activated parts of the immune system -- which cause inflammation in the body -- have been linked to conditions such as diabetes and cancer.

"The message is that the flotsam and jetsam of life predict changes in your underlying biology in ways that cumulatively could have a bad effect on health," said study co-author Shelley Taylor, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. "What this tells me is that people should be investing in socially supportive relationships, and they should not court relationships that lead to a great deal of conflict."

flotsam and jetsam  無價值物；零碎雜物

underlying adj. 潛在的

It's well-known that stress causes several reactions in the body. "Stress activates the immune system in preparation for fighting infection and healing wounds," explained Dr. Andrew Miller, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory University School of Medicine, in Atlanta. "This is not a bad thing, especially in the context of a situation where a fight and wounding may ensue. However, if the immune system is constantly activated, this can contribute to a multitude of chronic health problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders."

cardiovascular disease  心血管疾病

neuropsychiatric disorders  神經紊亂

ensue  v. 接著發(fā)生；因而產生  常用詞組  ensue from  由……引起；隨著發(fā)生（接著……）

In the new study, researchers sought to determine whether the stress of personal conflicts and competitive sports would trigger the release of molecules known as cytokines, which are linked to inflammation.

trigger  引起；促使；觸發(fā)

The researchers paid 122 young adults (53 men and 69 women) to take part in the study. The participants filled out diaries about their activities over eight days, focusing on their interactions with others and whether these were positive or negative. The participants were also given stress tests in the lab. Saliva samples were taken before and after those tests, to measure biological markers for inflammation.

fill out  填寫

The researchers found that cytokine levels went up after "negative" interactions, usually arguments. But playing sports didn't have the same effect, even though it's competitive. This may be because "we're really talking about people doing friendly games," Taylor said. "We're not looking at USC playing in the football finals."

It's possible that some kinds of competitions, like poker games, could trigger inflammation, she said.

Why does it matter if stress triggers molecules linked to inflammation? "If you aren't wounded, there's no place for them to go, and they're circulating," Taylor said. "It's not like they've gone to the site of a wound and engaged in anti-infection activity."

Low-grade inflammation in the body can contribute to the buildup of artery-blocking plaque and contribute to disorders linked to an out-of-control immune system, such as asthma, Taylor said.

So what does this all mean? The challenge, Emory's Miller said, is figuring out which came first -- stress or inflammation.

"Do aggressive, socially disadvantaged individuals exhibit more inflammation because they are constantly stressed?" he asked. "Or are they running their immune system hot because that is their fundamental nature, and the cytokines are driving their aggression because cytokines induce the brain to perceive the world as threatening?"

induce v. 誘導；引誘；感應

perceive  v. 察覺；感知；認知

The study appears in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Question time:

1. What's the beneficial aspect when immune system is activated by stress?

2. According to the research, what happened when people had "negetive" communication?

【參考答案反白可見（按ctrl A即可）】

1. In the context of a situation where a fight and wounding may ensue, stress activates the immune system in preparation for fighting infection and healing wounds.

2. The researchers found that cytokine levels went up after "negative" interactions, usually arguments.

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