托福閱讀插入句子題怎么做？

什么是插入句子題？

每篇閱讀文章的倒數(shù)第二題為插入句子題。此題給出一個額外的句子，并且在原文的幾個句子間給出四個方塊，每個方塊分別代表前后兩個句子之間的空位。我們需將這個句子放入其中的某一個位置，作為最佳答案。

這種題長這樣：

Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. █But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. █It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. █The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away. █

13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?

Where would the sentence best fit?

怎么做插入句子題？

題目給出的句子(后文直接稱之為“插入句”)能被放入其中一個位置的原因，就是這個句子與正確位置的前后文存在著某種語義上的聯(lián)系。在閱讀原文之前，若能根據(jù)一些信息詞找出這種聯(lián)系，并且推測前后文的信息，則我們在找答案的時候就會更準(zhǔn)確。

做插入句子題時的步驟應(yīng)該是醬紫的：

1)仔細(xì)閱讀插入句，準(zhǔn)確理解句意

2)根據(jù)句內(nèi)信息詞，推斷插入位置前或后可能出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容

3)尋找復(fù)合推測的位置

4)將句子放入，講插入句及前后兩句話連起來通讀一遍，檢驗(yàn)是否流暢邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語意流暢

3. 信息詞是啥?如何根據(jù)這類詞推測?

插入句子題中出現(xiàn)的信息詞分兩類：1. 代詞;2. 邏輯詞

1)指代詞

這里的指代詞指的是：1. 代詞;2. 定冠詞the 名詞所組成詞。

代詞(Pronoun)是代替名詞或一句話的一種詞類。the 名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，在文中有時會起指代前文的作用。大部分出現(xiàn)指代詞的插入句子題非常簡單。

當(dāng)題目的句子中出現(xiàn)指代詞，插入位置前面必然會提到其指代的內(nèi)容。這個時候，若我們能根據(jù)代詞的種類、指代詞的詞義和插入句的句意推斷出指代的具體內(nèi)容，那么只需要將插入句放入出現(xiàn)該內(nèi)容的句子之后的位置，即可滿足指代關(guān)系，得到答案

# 情況1

如果四個位置中，只有一個位置前面出現(xiàn)句中指代詞的指代對象，則這個位置就是我們的正確答案。

例題如下：

At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. █ The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. █ In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. █ Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. █ The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.

This massive population began a century earlier as a mere twelve pairs of imported rabbits that reproduced quickly and developed into a major problem.

句中出現(xiàn)代詞“this massive population”，這巨大的群體數(shù)量來自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，則插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群數(shù)量。

只有第一個位置前面的句子提到“hundreds of millions of European rabbits”，可以構(gòu)成指代的對象。所以A就是妥妥的正確答案。

# 情況2(較少出現(xiàn))

如果四個位置中有多個位置的前面存在著“可能成為”指代詞的指代對象的信息，那么往往只有其中一個內(nèi)容能夠符合指代詞的“特性”。

例題如下：

While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. █ All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. █ However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. █ In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. █

During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was second.

句中出現(xiàn)代詞“this period”，插入位置前面必然提到某一個時期。同時，我們還要注意，句子還提到，這個時期里Sweden和Denmark經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特別好。

原文前三個位置之前的句子都提到了時期，分別是18世紀(jì)、19世紀(jì)上半葉和19世紀(jì)下半葉。然而前兩句話所說的時期中，Sweden和Denmark都是處在落后的位置。而第三句話however轉(zhuǎn)折之后的信息提到，19世紀(jì)下半葉，尤其是最后二三十年，它們(指的是Netherlands、Denmark、Norway和Sweden)發(fā)展特別快。也就是說，19世紀(jì)下半葉才是插入句中this period指代的內(nèi)容，前兩個時期都不能復(fù)合指代內(nèi)容的特性。所以C是正確答案。

# 情況3

有些插入句由于代詞性質(zhì)比較特殊，又或?qū)τ诖~的描述信息較少，故無法直接準(zhǔn)確的推測出代詞所指的內(nèi)容，只能得到一個大概的方向。此時需要結(jié)合原文句意，逐個位置確認(rèn)和排除。

例題如下：

The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. █Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. █The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. █Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.█

For this reason, the total amount of plant material in a desert is often 100 times less than the amount of plant material in an equivalent area of temperate forest.

句中出現(xiàn)“for this reason”，前文所提到的信息導(dǎo)致“相同面積下，desert中的the total amount of plant material比temperate forest中的the total amount of plant material低100倍”。此時并不能直接得出this reason所指信息具體內(nèi)容，但可知，該reason為插入句的原因，正確位置必然能滿足這個因果關(guān)系。

找到1、2位置之間的句子“Water controls the volume of plant matter produced.”。其中the volume of plant matter和the total amount of plant material意思相同，其次由于water的控制作用，確實(shí)會導(dǎo)致兩個水量不同的地區(qū)(desert和forest)產(chǎn)生差別，前后邏輯非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，所以B是正確答案。

2)邏輯詞

邏輯詞僅僅是為了簡(zhuang)潔(bi)而起的一個名字，指的是能夠表示句間邏輯關(guān)系的那些詞，如however、but、therefore、also、then等等。

出現(xiàn)這些邏輯詞的時候，代表著插入句的句意和其前句或后句在信息上存在著某種邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)找到的邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)合插入句的句意，可以大致推測一下前文或后文的句意，以此作為尋找正確答案的指向性信息。

例題1

Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. █ The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. █ In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. █ In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. █ The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.

There is also the long, rather terrifying call of the male orangutan, which carries over considerable distances to advertise his presence.

句中出現(xiàn)“also”，根據(jù)句意，可以推測正確位置之前至少會提到與動物相關(guān)的某種特性，所以才會緊跟插入句所說的“also有雄性O(shè)動物的call”。發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個位置前面提到rhinoceros hornbill的叫聲cries和gibbons的喊聲calls，那么把插入句放到第二個位置，起到了進(jìn)一步舉例說明的作用，滿足了also的關(guān)系，前后邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

例題2

Paragraph 1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. █ Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. █ However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

Paragraph 2: █ During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. █The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.

題目出現(xiàn)however，表示本句為轉(zhuǎn)折句。轉(zhuǎn)折句出現(xiàn)表示前后文應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)論述重點(diǎn)的不同，較多出現(xiàn)的情況為后文反駁前文，較少出現(xiàn)的情況也會表示后文開始論述與前文不完全相同的另一個內(nèi)容。

根據(jù)插入句的句意“然而，為了更好理解睡眠中的呼吸，先搞清楚平時是如何呼吸是很有幫助的”，可以推斷出本句具有明顯的承上啟下的作用，承接上文論述的“睡眠中的呼吸”，引起下文所述的“平時是如何呼吸的”。根據(jù)推斷尋找后，發(fā)現(xiàn)C位置符合承上啟下的關(guān)系，即為正確答案。

3)信息的重復(fù)

還有一些插入句，既不包含指代詞，也不包含邏輯詞。但這類插入句的難度其實(shí)并不大。

和所有插入句相同，不包含信息詞的插入句也和正確位置的前句或后句存在語義上的聯(lián)系，這個聯(lián)系就是信息的重復(fù)。當(dāng)我們找到原文某一個句子，所述內(nèi)容與插入句內(nèi)容相關(guān)時，再來判斷應(yīng)該把插入句放在這個句子的前面還是后面，就能得到答案了。

看一道例題會更清楚。

Paragraph 3: It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. █Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) █An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. █The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. █The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for “sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, literature, history, and law also appeared.

City life was diverse, and the population was engaged in a variety of occupations.

插入句并沒有指代詞和邏輯詞出現(xiàn)，只表達(dá)了句意“城市里有著多種多樣的生活和工作”。這個時候，我們直接回原文，尋找哪個句子提到或圍繞“城市里的生活和工作”進(jìn)行論述。發(fā)現(xiàn)原文第二句話“Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants.”，其實(shí)就是具體的闡述city里的工作都有什么，人們都干嘛，與插入句句意是重復(fù)的。且前面一句話最后提到了secular，暗指的其實(shí)就是日常生活和工作。所以A是最合適的位置。

前一句話先表達(dá)出“除了政治經(jīng)濟(jì)和宗教活動，cities還有很多日?；顒印?，緊接著后兩句話先總述“城市中的(日常)生活和工作是多種多樣的”，之后再非常具體的舉例描述都存在什么樣的工作和生活，前后邏輯非常吻合，語意流暢。

4)綜合

Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. █Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. █If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. █In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. █Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.

This, however, was not the case

本句既出現(xiàn)代詞“this”也出現(xiàn)邏輯詞“however”，不過this指代內(nèi)容比較模糊?？梢酝茰y出，前面提到的句意，在插入句中得到了否定(not the case)。其次，根據(jù)however存在的轉(zhuǎn)折和承上啟下的關(guān)系，后文非常有可能展開論述this指代內(nèi)容為何不是真實(shí)情況(not the case)。結(jié)合推測，找到C位置的前后，符合這個關(guān)系。前一句話說“如果理論正確，則呼吸二氧化碳多會導(dǎo)致打哈欠增多，呼吸氧氣多會減少打哈欠”，后一句話表示“真實(shí)情況是(in fact)，不管是二氧化碳還是氧氣，打哈欠的頻率都是相同的”，所以后一句話就是通過描述真實(shí)情況，而對前一句理論所推測和估計的情況起到反駁的作用。

4. 記得帶進(jìn)去檢驗(yàn)哈

檢驗(yàn)指的是前文做題步驟中的第四步：將句子放入，講插入句及前后兩句話連起來通讀一遍，檢驗(yàn)是否流暢邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語意流暢。

這個步驟必不可少，來看一道例題。

Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. █The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. █But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. █He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. █

Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.

本句出現(xiàn)“moreover”，表示插入句和前文是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，表示進(jìn)一步的論述。后面出現(xiàn)“other evidence”，指出前面應(yīng)該有某些evidence。句中出現(xiàn)even if的讓步關(guān)系，再結(jié)合句意“此外，其他證據(jù)表明，即使無冰走廊確實(shí)存在，它也會缺乏人類居住所必須的資源”，可以推測出，前文的evidence應(yīng)該是在論證“ice-free corridor”不存在，這里才會遞進(jìn) 讓步，表示“即使存在，也…”的句意。根據(jù)這個推測發(fā)現(xiàn)C位置前面一句話指出：Glen Macdonald證明支持“ice-free corridor”存在的信息其實(shí)是錯誤的。也就是在暗示“ice-free corridor”不存在，能夠和插入句緊密連接。

但萬萬沒有想到的是，C位置后面依舊在論述這種corridor不存在：他非常有力地指出，這種無冰走廊直到之后的時期才出現(xiàn)。并且此句中開頭第一個單詞就是“he”，指代的是前句所論述的Glen Macdonald，而插入句卻并沒有能夠滿足he這個指代的內(nèi)容。所以，插入句應(yīng)該放在D位置，待本段最后兩句話把corridor不存在的事情講完，再出現(xiàn)“moreover”進(jìn)行遞進(jìn)。

這個題目告訴我們，不僅需要確認(rèn)某個位置的前文與插入句緊密連接，還要往后看一句，確保萬無一失。

以上內(nèi)容已將插入句子題幾乎所有情況都進(jìn)行了論述，并且介紹了針對的解題思路，各位好好消化和吸收哦！

新東方托福：

新東方托福培訓(xùn)視頻：

托福輔導(dǎo)：