新東方老師指導(dǎo)考研：一切皆有為法

“世尊說(shuō)我見(jiàn)，人見(jiàn)，眾生見(jiàn)，壽者見(jiàn)，即非我見(jiàn)，人見(jiàn)，眾生見(jiàn)，壽者見(jiàn)，是名我見(jiàn)，人見(jiàn)，眾生見(jiàn)，壽者見(jiàn)?！兵F摩羅什法師所譯《金剛般若波羅蜜經(jīng)》中精髓即在于此，表面所見(jiàn)的像只是緣起在世間的呈現(xiàn)而已，重要的是去找到這個(gè)表象后的緣，即表象后的真正原因。

考研場(chǎng)上我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這樣的情況，通過(guò)回文章定位，根據(jù)對(duì)原文的理解我們能很快的排除兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，而剩下的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)會(huì)把我們折磨的死去活來(lái)。也就正是這種選項(xiàng)間微小區(qū)分度構(gòu)成了考研英語(yǔ)的特色。每每在甄別選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，我們總會(huì)覺(jué)得這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都對(duì)，并且會(huì)覺(jué)得自己的答案比給出的正確答案更為合理。而考研英語(yǔ)作為全國(guó)人才選拔性的考試，并且會(huì)向社會(huì)公布標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案的考試，在答案的設(shè)置上一定是合理且正確的，并且這種答案的設(shè)置是有一定邏輯線(xiàn)索的。否則，這種人才的遴選是沒(méi)有意義的。而這種線(xiàn)索就是我們?cè)跇?biāo)題中提到的命題命脈，這種命脈就會(huì)體現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)之上。本文正是要帶領(lǐng)考研戰(zhàn)士們?nèi)ヌ角筮@種命題命脈在選項(xiàng)上的體現(xiàn)。首先來(lái)看幾道例題：

2009年考研閱讀第四篇文章第一題

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy， nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles， New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding， dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England ____.

［A］Puritan tradition dominated political life.

［B］intellectual interests were encouraged.

［C］Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

［D］intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

根據(jù)題干中的seventeenth century 和New England 我們不難定位到文章的第一段，選項(xiàng)A中的Puritan tradition（清教傳統(tǒng)）在倒數(shù)第一句中出現(xiàn)，但是倒數(shù)第一句是這樣說(shuō)道：“大量的文章和書(shū)籍都記載道，新英格蘭的領(lǐng)袖們確立了美國(guó)知識(shí)生活中的基本話(huà)題，其最關(guān)注的就是一直在知識(shí)生活中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，并不斷演進(jìn)的清教傳統(tǒng)。”文中明確說(shuō)到了in American intellectual life.而不是選項(xiàng)A中的in political life，可以直接排除A。同樣，B選項(xiàng)說(shuō)：政治從學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)中受益匪淺，而整個(gè)段落沒(méi)有提及學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)對(duì)于政治的影響。同樣可以輕松排除。而B(niǎo)和D卻相當(dāng)難排除了。一個(gè)說(shuō)“學(xué)術(shù)的興趣被鼓勵(lì)”，一個(gè)說(shuō)“享用寬松自由的求知環(huán)境”。兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)和段落中所涉及的知識(shí)生活話(huà)題都有關(guān)系。文中只有這樣的相關(guān)敘述：“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”“知識(shí)的追求是如此的受重視”。而就這點(diǎn)來(lái)講我們分別認(rèn)為B和D都對(duì)也是合理的，但是當(dāng)B和D放在一起的時(shí)候，我們就必須重新理清我們的邏輯思維鏈條了。我們首先承認(rèn)的是：知識(shí)的追求是受到重視的。如果要選D的話(huà)，那么我們必須先承認(rèn)B，也就是說(shuō)，要是沒(méi)有B就不可能有D。在這種情況下我們就很容易得出一個(gè)結(jié)論：當(dāng)一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是以另一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為前提的時(shí)候，只能選后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。也就是你必須首先承認(rèn)的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)。用公式來(lái)講就是：因?yàn)锳所以B，選A 不選B。

因?yàn)槭艿搅斯膭?lì)，所以環(huán)境很寬松。所以選擇受到鼓勵(lì)。

這就是我們考試出題人的命題思路，他希望找出的最直接的，對(duì)原文的解釋最根本的選項(xiàng)。而我們?cè)谂懦x項(xiàng)的時(shí)候就可以用上面的公式來(lái)做出選擇。

再看一個(gè)例子：

2009年考研閱讀第三篇第四題

What is the real relationship between education and economic development？ We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all， that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10，000 years ago， they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged________.

［A］when people had enough time

［B］prior to better ways of finding food

［C］when people on longer went hungry

［D］as a result of pressure on government

這個(gè)題是一個(gè)例證題目，題干中的關(guān)鍵詞our ancestors可以把我們帶到段落的第三行：當(dāng)我們的祖先一千多年前正打獵和采集食物，根本沒(méi)有時(shí)間去思考除開(kāi)覓食之外的其他事情。

而答案中就有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)：A）當(dāng)人們有足夠的時(shí)間的時(shí)候。A選項(xiàng)和題干連在一起就是：當(dāng)人們有足夠的時(shí)間的時(shí)候，教育就出現(xiàn)了。而這個(gè)時(shí)候我們往下看一句：只有人們找到一種更多產(chǎn)的獲得食物的方法時(shí)，我們才有時(shí)間來(lái)做其他的事情。選項(xiàng)中對(duì)應(yīng)了：C ）當(dāng)人們不再挨餓的時(shí)候。B和D就很難區(qū)分了。這個(gè)時(shí)候我們可以套用公式了：

因?yàn)锳所以B，選A 不選B。

因?yàn)椴话ゐI，有了足夠的時(shí)間。

答案當(dāng)然就選不挨餓了

It is said that in England death is pressing， in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans‘ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced， clinical depression controlled， cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. （2003年passage 4）。

56. What is implied in the first sentence？

[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.

[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

同學(xué)經(jīng)常會(huì)徘徊在C和D之間。

套用公式：因?yàn)锳所以B，選A 不選B。

因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人對(duì)自己的醫(yī)療技術(shù)過(guò)分的自信，所以對(duì)他們的長(zhǎng)壽盲目的驕傲。

答案為C

我們?cè)賮?lái)看一個(gè)例子：

Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline， which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists， that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that， which is a bad way to do business.（2006年passage3）

35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.

[A] management efficiency

[B] biomass level

[C] catch-size limits

[D] technological application

35題為文章的最后一題，我們?cè)谧鲱}的過(guò)程中習(xí)慣的把目光投向了最后一段，如果有閱讀過(guò)我上一篇文章《做正確的事和正確的做事》的同學(xué)應(yīng)該知道最后一段實(shí)際是沒(méi)有這個(gè)題的答案的，因?yàn)閱?wèn)題問(wèn)的是作者主要關(guān)心的是什么？最后一段卻沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)作者的觀點(diǎn)。都在談?wù)揇r. Myers and Dr. Worm關(guān)于捕撈限制的問(wèn)題。這樣答案就指向了C，但是B選項(xiàng)也是在最后一段談到的。亂象叢生?。?

這個(gè)時(shí)候就可以用我們的公式了：因?yàn)锳所以B，選A 不選B。

因?yàn)殛P(guān)心生物總量，所以關(guān)心捕撈的限制。

答案選擇：生物的總量。

《傾城之戀》的結(jié)尾傳誦一時(shí)：“香港的淪陷成全了她，但是在這不可理喻的世界里，誰(shuí)知道什么是因，什么是果？誰(shuí)知道呢？也許因?yàn)橐扇?，一個(gè)大都市傾覆了。”

Hong Kong‘s fall had brought Liusu Victory. But in this unreasonable world ，who can distinguish cause from effect？ Who knows which is which？Did a great city fall so that she could be vindicated .

考研不是傾城之戀，考研只是理性思考下對(duì)未來(lái)的期許，少了幾分朦朧卻多了幾分淡定和豪邁！是曰：一切有為法，應(yīng)作如是觀。

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