發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2017年02月08日
考生困惑的是:
學(xué)生在做考研閱讀真題的時(shí)候會(huì)遇到各種各樣的問(wèn)題,但是有兩種是最普遍的。有的學(xué)生說(shuō)自己已經(jīng)讀懂了文章,但是還是會(huì)錯(cuò)兩個(gè);但是有的學(xué)生卻是沒(méi)有讀懂文章,也是錯(cuò)了兩個(gè)。很顯然,第一種學(xué)生是在不短的時(shí)間里錯(cuò)了兩個(gè);第二種學(xué)生是在不長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里錯(cuò)了兩個(gè),很顯然,第一中學(xué)生是比較"冤枉"的。
因?yàn)樗蛘咚⒉恢老旅孢@些事。
下面筆者以考研英語(yǔ)一閱讀理解的第三篇文章來(lái)講述那些考生所不知道的事情之一:閱讀測(cè)試的設(shè)計(jì)原則。
首先我們需要了解考研的性質(zhì)。
考研的性質(zhì):
招生學(xué)校對(duì)考生會(huì)進(jìn)行各方面的測(cè)量??佳惺且环N測(cè)試,是招生學(xué)校對(duì)考生進(jìn)行的測(cè)量形式之一,也是目前為止考研各種測(cè)量中方式中最具有決定性的一環(huán)。語(yǔ)言測(cè)試用于多種目的,而考試的目的就是:篩選。往好聽(tīng)了說(shuō)是:選就是選拔;往難聽(tīng)了說(shuō)是:篩就是淘汰。
其次我們?cè)購(gòu)拿}者的角度來(lái)了解閱讀測(cè)試的設(shè)計(jì)原則。
原則一:
眾所周知,我們閱讀的目的是為了獲取信息。信息分為主信息和輔助信息。主信息就是指文章的主旨;抓住了主信息就等于捉住了文章的核心或者主題。輔助信息主要是一些闡明主信息的輔助性事實(shí)或者觀點(diǎn)。兩種信息都要考,所以說(shuō)命題者所測(cè)試的考點(diǎn)要一信息為目標(biāo),圍繞信息設(shè)計(jì)考點(diǎn)。
但是并非文章所傳遞的信息都要測(cè)試,測(cè)試的信息有兩種,一種是主要信息,一種是和主要信息相關(guān)的輔助信息。
所以我們?cè)陂喿x理解的課堂上強(qiáng)調(diào)大家要讀題干,讀題干的目的就是為了確定這篇文章的考點(diǎn)有哪五個(gè)?
比如說(shuō)2010年第三篇文章的題干如下:
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to____.
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"____.
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that____.
34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who____.
35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
然后在通讀文章,通讀文章的時(shí)候需要明確核心話題、中心思想(議論文為文章的論點(diǎn))和主要內(nèi)容。
瀏覽文章的重點(diǎn)是每段的首句。
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected.…
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": …
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. …
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet …
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. ….
通過(guò)閱讀每一段的首句我們便可以確定這篇文章通篇都是再講:social influence的問(wèn)題,所以文章的中心話題就是:social influence。文章所有的陳述都是圍繞這一個(gè)中心話題展開(kāi)。
正確答案的特征也是圍繞中心話題展開(kāi):
請(qǐng)看每道題目的正確答案:
31.[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas
32.[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
34.[C] are influenced and then influence others
35.[C] The readiness to be influenced
在這五道題目中,33/34/35考察的為主要信息,31/32考察的為輔助信息。
原則二:
有的考生在問(wèn)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候最經(jīng)常說(shuō)的一句話就是:老師這個(gè)問(wèn)題為什么選A呢?我覺(jué)得就是B???請(qǐng)注意,好多考生說(shuō):我覺(jué)得。這一類考生忽略了一點(diǎn),命題者再設(shè)計(jì)正確選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候是需要有依據(jù)的。
這個(gè)依據(jù)就是:考點(diǎn)。如果設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的題目是考生無(wú)須看原文就能夠回答出來(lái),這樣的題目就是無(wú)效題目。(但是這并不排除在備選項(xiàng)中包含不需要看文章就能夠判斷為錯(cuò)誤并直接排除的選項(xiàng):常識(shí)。)這就要求考生帶著每一個(gè)問(wèn)題回到原文中確定答案的位置。也就是所有問(wèn)題的正確答案都來(lái)自于文章,而非來(lái)自于考生自己的判斷:我覺(jué)得。
比如說(shuō)第32題:
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
由題干中的關(guān)鍵詞two-step-flow theory我們可以知道這道題目定位在第2段:在這道題目中還有不少同學(xué)錯(cuò)選了B選項(xiàng)。原因就是第二段有這樣一句話:The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.錯(cuò)選B :has helped explain certain prevalent trends的同學(xué)只是注意到了原文中explain the sudden and unexpected,但是并沒(méi)有注意到seem。同時(shí)也沒(méi)有注意到第二段的最后2句話In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is (賓語(yǔ)從句) before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.在這句話中有兩個(gè)詞
cursory: quick and probably not detailed
anecdotal: describes information that is not based on facts or careful study
這些體現(xiàn)具有貶義感情色彩的詞匯是作者對(duì)two-step-flow theory的態(tài)度的體現(xiàn),同第一段的最后一句共同傳達(dá)了作者的態(tài)度:對(duì)two-step-flow theory的態(tài)度:否定
原則三:
考點(diǎn)要盡量覆蓋文章的內(nèi)容。設(shè)計(jì)題目時(shí),每個(gè)題目有一個(gè)考點(diǎn),假設(shè)有五道題目,那么這五個(gè)題目最好覆蓋短文的主要內(nèi)容,不能偏廢。但是這并不意味著文章中所有的內(nèi)容都要考到,如果文章中信息點(diǎn)很多,抽幾個(gè)主要的信息點(diǎn)考察就可以了。
在這篇文章當(dāng)中文章一共是5段,五道題目均勻的分布在五段當(dāng)中,每段都考察了重要信息。這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是駁論文的典型結(jié)構(gòu)
第一段:通過(guò)一部書引出他人觀點(diǎn):宣揚(yáng)著名人物的影響力,并且在段尾指出這個(gè)論點(diǎn)的缺陷,從而引出所討論的中心話題:31題B選項(xiàng)discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas;
第二段:陳述他人觀點(diǎn):擁護(hù)two-step-flow theory的人群的立場(chǎng)和目的,作者且在段落的最后指出:個(gè)人的應(yīng)先社會(huì)這一理論是缺乏充分的依據(jù)的32題D選項(xiàng)requires solid evidence for its validity;
第三段:通過(guò)一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折however來(lái)提出文章的中心論點(diǎn):33題A: the power of influence goes with social interactions;
第四段:論據(jù):研究發(fā)現(xiàn)表明了人與人間的相互影響才是社會(huì)傳播的重要因素:34題[C] are influenced and then influence others;
第五段:論據(jù):通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)再次總結(jié)論點(diǎn),35題的C:The readiness to be influenced(末段尾句: not …but rather…)
所以,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)跍?zhǔn)備考研英語(yǔ)之前問(wèn)問(wèn)自己:我的思路是什么。當(dāng)你的思路和命題人趨向一致的時(shí)候,做閱讀理解的時(shí)候也就不會(huì)那么糾結(jié)了。
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