蘇州英語口語培訓機構(gòu)

合成法是指兩個或多個單詞按照一定的組合規(guī)律組合在一起，形成一個新的單詞。一般來說，新的合成詞的意思就是各個組成詞的意思的綜合。例如：workmate是由work（工作）和 mate（伙伴）組合成的新單詞，它的意思是"工友，同事"。這樣的單詞在平時閱讀中經(jīng)常見到，也比較容易猜測出它們的意思。

【小試牛刀】 （1）猜猜看，以下單詞是什么意思呢？

①ill-treat            ②keyboard              ③single-handed

④air-conditioned            ⑤pineapple              

【典例】Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, "But Im just not creative."...

Q:What does the underlined word "downside" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Mistake.     B. Drawback.     C. Difficulty.     D. Burden.

【解析】根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進行猜測，downside由down和side組成，字面意思為"下面的一邊"，初步可以猜測出詞義為"不足部分"。再根據(jù)畫線單詞后的"I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking"可知,我冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的學生的危險，說明我的這種教育方法也有不足之處。故畫線詞意為"缺點"。B。

派生法是英語單詞的主要構(gòu)成法，它是**在基礎(chǔ)詞根上添加前綴或者后綴來構(gòu)造新詞。一般來說，前綴改變詞義不改變詞性；而后綴改變詞性不改變詞義。例如：dis-, un-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,mis-等是一些表示否定或者相反意思的前綴，它們用在單詞的前面往往構(gòu)成原單詞的反義詞。如：appear→disappear, possible→impossible, like→unlike, smoker→non-smoker等。又如前綴re-表示"又，再"；co-表示"共同"；mini-或者micro-表示"小的"；over-表示"過于"；super-表示"超級，極"；tele-表示"遠的"等。

【小試牛刀】 （2） 試試看，下面單詞的意思你能猜出來嗎？

①telescope        ②irregular               

③re-education             ④imbalance                        

把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。例如：The author emptied all his pockets to find his ticket．empty由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化用作動詞，在此表示"掏空"的意思。又如：Widespread protests have placed the President under serious pressure.place由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞，表示"安置，使……處于某位置"。

【小試牛刀】 （3）以下例句中畫線單詞是什么意思，你知道嗎？

①If you water plants, you pour water over them in order to help them to grow.

②When fortune smiled on him, he made the most of it.

③She smiled her thanks and arranged the guitar under her arm.

【典例】(2017·全國卷Ⅰ·C篇改編)The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same.Q:present在此處的詞義是本句是2017年全國卷Ⅰ中C篇的一個長難句。句子之所以難以理解，是因為本句除了使用了對比結(jié)構(gòu)外，還有詞語的活用：presented。present用作名詞表示"禮物"；用作形容詞表示"現(xiàn)存的，當前的"；在此句中被用作動詞，表示"展現(xiàn)，表現(xiàn)"。這句話的意思是：今天的音樂不能以1908年或者1958年的方式表現(xiàn)出來。展現(xiàn)，表現(xiàn)。

【方法點津】利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義的特點：

（1）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測的詞義一般比較接近單詞的真實意思，準確率比較高；

（2）有些詞具有多個詞性或詞義，添加不同的詞綴會產(chǎn)生不同的詞性和意義，需要細加區(qū)別。例如：like可以作介詞表示"像"，也可以作動詞表示"喜歡"，添加否定前綴un-構(gòu)成另一個介詞unlike表示"不像"，添加另一個否定前綴dis-構(gòu)成動詞dislike表示"不喜歡"。現(xiàn)在，你是否能猜出今年高考試題中recontextualization這個單詞的意思？（語境重構(gòu)）

【小試牛刀答案】 

（1）①虐待,折磨；②鍵盤；③獨自，單槍匹馬地，獨立；④裝有空調(diào)的；⑤菠蘿

（2）①望遠鏡；②不規(guī)則的，無規(guī)律的；③再教育；④不平衡，不公平

（3）①給……澆水；②惠及，垂青；③微笑著說

 英語中可以使用also, as...as, similarly, and, or, just as, likewise等詞語表示相同或者相近的意思，這種表示并列的關(guān)系中，只要我們認識其中一個單詞，就可以推測出另一個單詞的意思。如：Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 分析：這個句子里面使用了表示并列關(guān)系的單詞and，還使用了表示"相似"的單詞similarly，由此可知，畫線單詞loquacious表達的意思和"loves to talk"的意思一樣，即"健談的"。

【小試牛刀】 （1）猜猜以下畫線單詞的意思

①My mother is short and fat. The principal of the school is almost as plump as my mother, and much shorter. 

②Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television.【典例】(2017·全國卷Ⅱ·D篇)... Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.    ...

33.What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?

A. The attackers get attacked.           

B. The insects gather under the table.

C. The plants get ready to fight back.     

D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.

【解析】本題考查文章中對一句話的理解，屬于廣義的詞義猜測題。在這一句后面，又使用了一句同義并列的句子來對其進行解釋，根據(jù)后一句話的意思 "正在吃午餐的攻擊者變成了午餐"可以知道，畫線句子是指形勢發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。A。

in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while等詞匯常常會被用來表示前后關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)折，其前后表示相反的意思。同樣，我們也可以根據(jù)其中一個詞匯來推知另一個表示相反意思的詞匯。如：

Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.

分析：這是一個典型的表示對比關(guān)系的句子，前后表達了相反的意思，還使用了反義對比的詞匯Like和unlike，由此可知，repel和attract的意思相反，repel在此表示"排斥"。

【小試牛刀】 （2）猜猜以下畫線單詞的意思 

①Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.     

②Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones, but we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve．

英語中使用because, since, for, as, so, as a result, thus, therefore等詞匯表達因果關(guān)系，因為因與果具有直接聯(lián)系，所以也可以用來猜測詞義。

如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 

分析：根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（他不征求別人的意見就作出決定）可以推斷出，生詞autocratic的意思是"獨斷專行的"。

There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.

分析：此句使用了結(jié)果狀語從句，根據(jù)主句的描述"許多示威者"，我們便可推知elbow的詞義為"用肘擠，用肘推"。

【典例】...There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it....

Q:What does the underlined phrase "a pipe dream" in Paragraph 3 mean?

 A. A practical idea.  B. A vain hope.   

C. A brilliant plan.   D. A selfish desire.

【解析】本題考查猜測短語a pipe dream的意思。本段講述了一種**吃的蘋果，它被叫作Orleans Reinette，但其種植條件苛刻，所以愛吃的人很難得到。該短語前有明確的結(jié)果連詞so連接前后句，根據(jù)前面要求的條件可知，后面的a pipe dream表示"脫離實際的愿望",與B項"徒勞的希望"意思一致。B。

【方法點津】利用邏輯關(guān)系猜測詞義的特點：

（1）并列、轉(zhuǎn)折和因果等邏輯關(guān)系都具有推理的必然性，因此使用邏輯關(guān)系推理的詞義準確率會比較高；

（2）邏輯關(guān)系的判斷需要平常多關(guān)注句式的邏輯關(guān)系，形成對邏輯關(guān)系詞的敏感感知能力，快速有效地判斷語句和詞匯的關(guān)系和意義。

【小試牛刀答案】（1）①豐腴的，微胖的；②模仿    

（2）①傲慢的，高傲的；②錯綜復雜的

mean, refer to, is, that is, namely等后的內(nèi)容往往是對前面進行注解性說明的，可以幫助猜測詞義。

如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

分析：本句就是一個由is引起的下定義的句子，is后面的內(nèi)容對前面生詞作了詳細注解，故不難猜出anneal是"使（金屬）退火"的意思。

【小試牛刀】 猜猜下面畫線單詞的意思

①Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.  

②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.

如：Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.

分析：非限制性定語從句修飾限定了先行詞的內(nèi)容和范疇,因此根據(jù)后面的從句可猜測出florist的意思為"花商"。

同位語是對其前的內(nèi)容進行解釋說明的，所以，同位語也是猜測單詞詞義的一個好辦法。

如：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.   

分析：同位語the study of the meaning of words解釋了Semantics的意思，因此可知，semantics的意思是"語義學"。

如：What is plagiarism? It is using others  ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from. 

分析：本句使用了自問自答的方式解釋了單詞plagiarism的意思,指"不說明信息的出處就使用他人的觀點或話語"，由此可以猜出plagiarism的意思是"剽竊，抄襲"。

如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.

分析：本句使用such as列舉了epochal events的一些典型例子，根據(jù)例子(戰(zhàn)爭和重大科學發(fā)現(xiàn))可以推測出epochal event指的是"重大的事件，有劃時代意義的事件"。

冒號、破折號和括號等標點符號也可以表示解釋，能幫助我們猜測詞義。

如：You may borrow from the library any periodicals: News Weekly, Readers Digest, The New Yorkers.分析：冒號表示解釋，根據(jù)冒號后面所列舉的期刊可以猜出periodicals的意思是"期刊"。

此外，periodical是一個由period（名詞，時期）轉(zhuǎn)化而來的單詞，也可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜出這個單詞的意思。

【典例】(2017·天津卷·C篇)...The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the "death valley" of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi\|autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future....

46.What does the phrase "death valley" in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. A place where cars often break down.

B. A case where passing a law is impossible.

C. An area where no driving is permitted. 

D. A situation where drivers role is not clear.

【解析】本題考查文章中短語death valley的含義。在這一句話后面使用了冒號，冒號后的內(nèi)容對這個短語的意義予以解釋：能夠拖延無人駕駛未來的介于半自動駕駛和完全無人駕駛汽車之間的灰色區(qū)域。D。

【典例】（2017·江蘇卷·B篇）Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning（胎教），birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New\|born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world. ...

58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means "".

A. be the worst         B. be the best     

C. be just as bad       D. be just as gooddoor

【解析】在猜測短語rule the roost的意思時，我們可以注意到下文進行了舉例，根據(jù)例子可知，鳥類在幼崽孵化之前就進行胎教，可見鳥類對幼崽撫育之好。B。

【小試牛刀答案】 ①啞??；②脆的，易碎的

...Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost....Q：What does the underlined phrase "die hard" in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Change suddenly.         B. Change significantly.

C. Disappear mysteriously.    D. Disappear very slowly.

【解析】本題考查對短語die hard意思的猜測。根據(jù)生活常識可以知道，習慣很難改變，而且在漢語中，形容某人固執(zhí)時也會使用"死硬"這一說法。再結(jié)合文章意思可知答案。D。

(2017·全國卷Ⅱ·B篇)...We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events....26.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 3 refer to?

  A. Their belief.                    B. Their care for children.

C. Their success.                  D. Their support for each other.dot 

【解析】代詞指代的大多都是前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的名詞，為了避免重復而使用了代詞。根據(jù)上文的內(nèi)容可知，讓作者和朋友走到一起的是兩個人共同的信念。A。

【方法點津】代詞指代題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復雜的情況下設(shè)置的一種題型，考查考生對復雜關(guān)系的分析能力，要求考生對代詞所在句以及緊鄰幾個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思都有準確的理解。文章中的代詞it, that, he, him, them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，考生要認真查找；有時考生需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)概括，才能得出代詞所指代的對象?？忌衫蒙舷挛恼Z境，采用邏輯關(guān)系梳理法，使人物或事物的關(guān)系明朗化。要記住代詞通常出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，根據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速鎖定答案，**后帶入原句中進行驗證。

【典例】The reason why a country like Britain does not buy snowploughs (掃雪機）is that they are used for a few days in any one year, and the money could be more useful in other things such as health care, education, helping the old and so on. 

Q: The word "they" refers to         .

 A. snowfalls          B. British people   

C. snowploughs     D. countries like Britain

【解析】這個題的解題思路有多個:根據(jù)代詞的用法和單復數(shù)可知，代詞用來指代前面出現(xiàn)的名詞，they是指代名詞復數(shù)的，觀察前文，用作復數(shù)的名詞就只有snowploughs。C。

【典例】I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. ...29.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "courier" in Paragraph 1?

A. provider       B. delivery man   

C. collector      D. medical doctor

【解析】本題考查單詞courier的詞義。根據(jù)下文中的"89 trips"和其后的"to carry stem cells(干細胞)"可知，作者是運送干細胞的人員。B。