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發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2016年03月29日

2008年考研英語閱讀理解備考方案

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研究生英語入學(xué)考試是一種選拔性的考試,既然是擇優(yōu)錄取,就要有相當(dāng)?shù)碾y度??佳袣v史上沒有哪一年的復(fù)試分?jǐn)?shù)線是超過60分的,很多考生也因英語單科受限而含淚折戟。俗話說:“得閱讀者得天下?!弊詮?005年改革后,閱讀理解50分,在一張?jiān)嚲砩溪?dú)占半壁江山,任何考生都不敢等閑視之。閱讀理解是對(duì)考生綜合能力的考查??佳虚喿x的復(fù)習(xí),就好像蓋一棟高樓,需要有堅(jiān)固的基石、大廈的框架和內(nèi)外裝修。


第一、堅(jiān)固的基石——扎實(shí)的英語基礎(chǔ)


考生首先要把大綱規(guī)定的5500英語詞匯全部吃透,學(xué)習(xí)詞匯時(shí)要把握詞匯的內(nèi)涵和外延。對(duì)于內(nèi)涵來講,不能僅限于單詞的第一層含義,更要注意一詞多義現(xiàn)象,尤其是在考研英語中的基本含義,因?yàn)楹芏嗫佳性~匯的漢語意思是考生以前不曾遇到的。例如2000年的最后一篇文章,19題的答案對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是原文第二段的pushing,可是許多考生不清楚它有“有野心的”意思。再如:2000年passage5第一段中的distinction一詞,很多同學(xué)知道它表示“區(qū)分、區(qū)別”,但在文章當(dāng)中,該詞應(yīng)當(dāng)被解釋為“名聲、威望”。此外,短語的多義現(xiàn)象也不例外:2003年passage3第四段 It’s a theory to which many economist subscribe當(dāng)中,subscribe to這個(gè)短語第一次考到“同意”的意思,而并非其基本意“訂購、訂閱”。所以,考生在復(fù)習(xí)詞匯的過程中,一定不要只顧記憶難詞,還要重視簡(jiǎn)單詞的橫向意義。


對(duì)于外延來講,要能夠把握單詞在句子中給我們的信息暗示。例如 A is a response (reaction) to B,該句型中response (reaction)本意是“反映”,但這個(gè)詞在句子中給我們的信息暗示則為B是A的原因。2001年第一篇文章第四題The direct reason for specialization is _______. 該題答案對(duì)應(yīng)原文:Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. 同年第五篇文章最后一題 According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the US as a result of__________. 該題答案對(duì)應(yīng)原文While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline. 如果考生知道 be response to 這個(gè)考點(diǎn)的話,這類題就會(huì)迎刃而解。因此,考研學(xué)生一定要對(duì)詞匯復(fù)習(xí)加大重視度,如果連大綱要求的詞匯都沒有認(rèn)識(shí)完全,那么“順利通過考試”就成了“無米之炊”了。


很多考生誤認(rèn)為考研不考語法??佳杏⒄Z取消了詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)部分后,語法的考查力度確實(shí)下降了一些,但在閱讀理解中對(duì)語法的考查還是隨處可見。很多同學(xué)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),但整句話不理解,其癥結(jié)在于相關(guān)語法知識(shí)的缺乏??忌鷳?yīng)該系統(tǒng)整理基本語法知識(shí),歸納熟悉特殊語法現(xiàn)象??佳杏⒄Z的基本語法其實(shí)在高中階段就已大體學(xué)完,本科階段補(bǔ)充了一些??佳芯嚯x高中為時(shí)已久,而大學(xué)階段許多同學(xué)對(duì)語法的學(xué)習(xí)不夠重視,因此,語法薄弱的考生可以尋找一本權(quán)威的高中語法指導(dǎo)材料,用兩周的時(shí)間系統(tǒng)精讀從句概念、虛擬語氣、非謂語動(dòng)詞等閱讀中的重點(diǎn)語法概念。不要放過例句,要把語法現(xiàn)象和例句充分結(jié)合在一起加以體會(huì)。閱讀、完形、翻譯中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)較多的長(zhǎng)難句,需要考生分析解剖,因此在大量接觸真題前有必要對(duì)語法知識(shí)進(jìn)行透徹的復(fù)習(xí)。


第二、大廈的框架——分析出題思路,把握做題技巧


最能反映出題者思路的復(fù)習(xí)材料只有真題。無論是出題難度還是出題思路,歷年的真題的質(zhì)量都非常高。許多考生在沒有把真題徹底吃透的情況下花了大量的時(shí)間和精力去做許多模擬試卷。這種復(fù)習(xí)方法不僅耗時(shí)耗力、事倍功半,而且甚至?xí)驗(yàn)槟M題的仿真程度??同學(xué)們不要玩題海戰(zhàn)術(shù),而應(yīng)該搞懂真題題目和基本的出題思路。從嚴(yán)格意義上講,目前市面上的模擬題沒有一本是接近真題的,大量做模擬題只能起到安慰劑的作用。但是模擬題又不能不做,因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)時(shí)間反復(fù)做真題,會(huì)失去第一次拿到新題的新鮮感。故此,做題的總體思路是90%真題,10%模擬題。


考研的成敗不僅與實(shí)力相關(guān),也與技巧密不可分。英語知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)沒什么技巧,但考試卻有,考研也不例外。技巧可以從三個(gè)層面來講:


第一個(gè)層面是,做閱讀時(shí),到底是應(yīng)該先讀問題還是先讀文章。不同的人有不同的答案。我們認(rèn)為,采用什么樣的順序和每個(gè)人的水平有關(guān)。對(duì)于閱讀能力很高的人來說,先讀文章比較好。讀完了文章,對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容有了基本的理解、甚至記住了幾乎全部的內(nèi)容,再去做題時(shí),就會(huì)比較有把握了。而事實(shí)上對(duì)于廣大考生來說,多數(shù)人對(duì)文章不能做到基本理解,或者雖然表面文字看懂了,但是做題時(shí)大腦一片空白,對(duì)有效信息掌握薄弱。鑒于此,我們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該先讀問題,帶著問題中的關(guān)鍵詞去讀文章。這樣做的好處在于:首先,讀完問題,通過題目中的大寫字母、數(shù)字、標(biāo)志性內(nèi)容詞等會(huì)對(duì)文章所涉及的內(nèi)容有個(gè)大概的了解;然后帶著問題有針對(duì)性地去讀文章,有的放矢。


第二個(gè)層面是,讀文章時(shí),應(yīng)該采用什么樣的閱讀方式?;趯?duì)試題的研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在讀文章的時(shí)候,應(yīng)該把握重點(diǎn):對(duì)于文章來講,首段、各段首句、末句是重點(diǎn);對(duì)于句子來講,轉(zhuǎn)折句、因果句、長(zhǎng)難句、比較句和“絕對(duì)話意義”的句子往往是出題的方向。讀完一篇文章后要問問自己:文章主要圍繞什么問題闡述?作者對(duì)文章的態(tài)度大體方向是什么?讀懂文章雖然不是做題正確的核心,但卻是做題正確的前提。


第三個(gè)層面是:以什么樣的思路去應(yīng)付考題。從閱讀材料后面的題目來看,問題可以分為以下幾大類:主旨題、推理題、細(xì)節(jié)題、例證題、態(tài)度題、原因題、舉例題和猜詞題。每個(gè)大題型又可以繼續(xù)細(xì)分??忌鷳?yīng)該對(duì)這些題型的正解特征加以歸納總結(jié)。例如:考研英語中多次涉及的主要原因題,其題目形式是:
?

The passage (author)………….mainly because____?


? Which of the following is chiefly responsible for……..?


? …………is largely due to________?


? What is the main reason for ________?


由上述真題題目我們可以看出,題目特征相當(dāng)明顯,都出現(xiàn)了表示“主要的”標(biāo)識(shí)詞。那么題目特征會(huì)引發(fā)我們?cè)鯓拥乃伎寄??既然是主要原因,就表明在原文中原因的闡述是不唯一的,至少有兩個(gè)以上的原因才具備出主要原因題的前提。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,可能同時(shí)會(huì)有若干個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確的原因,但正確答案是最主要的原因。那么,什么樣的原因才是主要原因呢?我們可以從原文對(duì)應(yīng)句中找到規(guī)律:主要原因題正確選項(xiàng)在原文中的對(duì)應(yīng)句往往含有如下標(biāo)識(shí)詞:比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)、轉(zhuǎn)折詞、above all等。我們一起看一下以往的例題:


1. 原文:Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world round it is changing. The commercial TV channels—ITV and Channel 4—were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ______________.


(1996年passage2第4題)


A. the emergence of commercial TV channel


B. the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government


C. the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs


D. the challenge of new satellite channels


2. 原文:Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors: and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.

According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large due to _______.

(1996年passage4第1題)


A. elementary schools B. enthusiastic workers


C. the attractive premium system D. a special way of thinking


3.  原文:But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyle.


According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?              (2000年passage4第2題)


A. Women’s participation in social activities is limited.


B. More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.


C. Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.


D. The lifestyle has been influenced by western values.


4. 原文:Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billons to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.


According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by _______.

(2003年passage3第5題)


A. The continuing acquisition.


B. The growing traffic.


C. The cheering Wall Street.


D. The shrinking market.


5. 原文:The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good natured, co-operative creatures, and they share food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.


Female capuchin moneys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _____.

(2005年passage1第3題)


A. more inclined to weigh what they get


B. attentive to researchers’ instructions


C. nice in both appearance and temperament


D. more generous than their male companions


上述例題均很好地印證了這類題的做題規(guī)律,而且長(zhǎng)達(dá)十年這一規(guī)律都沒有發(fā)生任何變化??忌陂喿x復(fù)習(xí)過程中要注意題目的橫向聯(lián)系,不僅要按篇章來閱讀,還要把歷年的同一類型考題放到一起進(jìn)行總結(jié),從而發(fā)現(xiàn)做題技巧和規(guī)律,這樣才能更好地保證復(fù)習(xí)的效率。


第三、大廈的內(nèi)外裝修——不可不知的陷阱


考研既然是一種選拔性的考試,就有區(qū)別于其他英語考試題??案,而是會(huì)有一個(gè)思考和比較的過程??佳袥]有真正意義的正確選項(xiàng),但有相對(duì)的better choice。在考研的選項(xiàng)中,很多選項(xiàng)都是陷阱,貌似很正確,其實(shí)有漏洞。對(duì)于這部分選項(xiàng),考生應(yīng)該了解一些出題者常用的陷阱設(shè)置,以便在今后做題過程中避免此類錯(cuò)誤。


一、 正話反說。考研英語閱讀題中很多出題思路是“在是當(dāng)中說非,在非當(dāng)中說是”。


我們以2000年第一篇文章第四題為例:The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.


A. turning of the business cycle


B. restructuring of industry


C. improved business management


D. success in education


根據(jù)原文:Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of business cycle. 可以看出,美國(guó)人并不認(rèn)為devalued dollar or the turning of business cycle是導(dǎo)致美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的主要原因,很多同學(xué)就首先排除了選項(xiàng)A,但是,A恰恰是本題的正確答案,作者的觀點(diǎn)恰恰有別于一般美國(guó)人,在是當(dāng)中說非,在非當(dāng)中說是。


二、 “正確≠答案”——大多數(shù)考生的誤區(qū)


我們以2003 年的一道考研真題為例:


The author begins his article with Edmund Burk’s words to __________.


A. call on scientists to take some actions


B. criticize the misguide cause of animal rights


C. warn of the doom of biomedical research


D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement


從文章來看,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)似乎都有道理,可以說前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是對(duì)的。但是正確絕不是最優(yōu),而面對(duì)這種局面大多數(shù)考生往往不知所措,難以從中選出正確的選項(xiàng)。上述的例子還只是比較簡(jiǎn)單的,偏重于對(duì)文章主旨的考查,而現(xiàn)在考研的難度日益加大,這種出題思路會(huì)越來越多,分辨將會(huì)越來越難,所以在看懂全文的基礎(chǔ)上時(shí)不時(shí)還是要在心里提個(gè)醒,別一不小心掉進(jìn)了陷阱。

三、首段大意≠全文主旨。很多同學(xué)做全文主旨題往往以首段的段落大意作為根據(jù),其實(shí)這是個(gè)陷阱。我們用1994年第二篇文章的一道題做例證:


What is this passage mainly about?


A. Approaches to the commercial use of computers.


B. Conveniences brought about by computers in business.


C. Significance of automation in commercial enterprise.


D. Advantages of credit cards in business.


這道題可以說是經(jīng)典的主旨陷阱題了。如果僅從全文第一段來看,D選項(xiàng)是絕對(duì)正確的。但是文章從第二段進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,由信用卡擴(kuò)展到了計(jì)算機(jī)在商業(yè)社會(huì)中的應(yīng)用,故此,B才是最佳答案。我們提醒各位考生,主旨題需要通過首段和各段首句共同判斷,千萬不能以偏概全。


四、千萬注意“似是而非、局部正確”的選項(xiàng)


我們先來看看 1998 年的一道真題:


Which of the following is true according to the passage?


A. Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.


B. Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.


C. The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.


D. Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.


這是一道設(shè)計(jì)非常巧妙的考題,據(jù)說當(dāng)年答對(duì)本題的考生不到 5% 。這道題考查了全文一半多文章的閱讀量,而且涉及很多的細(xì)節(jié),每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有似曾相識(shí)的感覺,而選項(xiàng)本身就暗藏著陷阱。本題的直接依據(jù)是文中的這樣一句話:But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. 但是簡(jiǎn)單根據(jù)這句話又會(huì)造成歧義,還必須依據(jù)“根據(jù)下文說上文的原則”,通過下文來判斷邏輯:The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of sciences are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. 這里提醒所有考生注意一點(diǎn):當(dāng)你感覺到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)似乎都對(duì)、都不對(duì)的時(shí)候,千萬不要盲目憑借印象和感覺,要學(xué)會(huì)到原文中尋求每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的證據(jù),只有確鑿的證據(jù)才是判斷正誤的法寶。


總而言之,要攻克考研閱讀,就要在備戰(zhàn)考研的過程中不斷努力深入地研究,循序漸進(jìn)地實(shí)踐、演練,才能在考場(chǎng)上成功施展才華!考研的意義絕不僅僅是考試,而是挑戰(zhàn)自我、磨練意志的過程。相信各位考生定能在這條充滿荊棘的道路中堅(jiān)定信念、調(diào)整心態(tài),摸索出成功之道。

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