雅思閱讀考試的兩類同義詞轉(zhuǎn)化
雅思閱讀同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換一、詞的轉(zhuǎn)換
1. 相同詞性的同義替換：
相同詞性的同義替換一般指的是只涉及單個單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。單個單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換包括詞性轉(zhuǎn)換及同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換。其中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是相對簡單的一種，詞匯量可觀的考生自然可以游刃有余，輕松應對;即便不認識被轉(zhuǎn)換了的單詞的考生，也可以通過詞根詞綴以及上下文進行猜測。
例如：
Example 1:
One of the brain’smost difficult tasks is to
A. react to their ownthoughts
B. helped createlanguage in humans
C. respond instantlyto whatever is happening
題干中的核心信息most difficult應該在讀題的過程中被考生捕捉到，在定位時應充分考慮到被代換的可能性;另外備考時訓練充分有素的考生還會考慮到句子結(jié)構(gòu)的整體順序的不同。這樣，當定位到原文的對應信息句：
Making a rapidemotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding jobfor the brain, animal or human.
考生應該能夠敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)extremelydemanding是most difficult的代換，由此確定該句所表達的意思是正確答案，在list中搜尋正確的選項時，句子中的內(nèi)容被再一次代換，其中原文中 rapidemotional assessment of the events被代換為respond instantly towhatever is happening, 至此，答案為C。
Example 2:
It has been suggestedthat children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they study atschool. 根據(jù)'pure'定位到文中第二段第一行Manystudies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about 'pure' science,curriculum science. 短短一句話我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)有三組四處同義替換，分別為suggested-shown;hold-harbour; mistaken views-misconceptions; science that they study atschool-curriculum science. 因此答案為TRUE。
Example 3:
Some people maybelieve that the teacher- subjects’ behavior could be explained as a positivesurvival mechanism.
可以看出句中positive和survival是關鍵詞，由句中出現(xiàn)的survivalmechanism可判斷為是從生物角度來談論的，又因為原文的F段首句：One’sfirst inclination might be to argue that there are must be some sort of built inanimal aggression instinct that … 中提到了相關內(nèi)容，所以定位到該段。迅速掃描，搜尋和兩個關鍵詞對應的信息，除了在該段第六行出現(xiàn)了原詞重現(xiàn)的survival, 還在上一行出現(xiàn)了advantageous, 顯然是positive的代換。由于原文跟題目中的信息吻合，所以答案是TRUE。
2. 不同詞性的同義替換：
不同詞性同義代換顧名思義，就是在代換時不受詞性的限制，比如：obvious換成clearly; similar換成resemble等。
Example 1:
Despite substantialfunding, results (of this program) have been disappointing.
代換為：This program failedalthough they received sufficient funding.
因為把disappointing換成了failed, “although”代換了“inspite of”, 通過詞的代換就會很自然的實現(xiàn)英文中提倡的句式多樣性。
雅思閱讀同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換二、詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換一般情況下是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換的一個衍生。當一個詞無法用另一個同義詞到位地解釋時，可能會出現(xiàn)用詞組解釋的情況。另外如果本身就是詞組的形式，那么通常來講還是會用詞組的形式進行解釋。
例如：
Example 1:
原文：Computers are gainingin popularity, despite their cost.
題目：Computers are morepopular than they used to be.
原文當中的gaining in popularity題目中用morepopular than they used to be作為替換。兩者在意思上屬于完全一致的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，因此答案為TRUE。
Example 2:
原文：Biologically, aspecies becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
題目：In biological terms,a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文當中的biologically用題目的inbiological terms作為替換。Become則由issaid to be作為替換。但是原文當中的die在題目中變成了exist, 直接相反的意思。介于最后這一處的轉(zhuǎn)換與原文信息不符，可以判斷出此題答案是FALSE。
Example 3:
There were severalreasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among themthe great advances that had been made in the field of _____and the search foralternatives to natural resources like ivory.
解析：根據(jù)nineteenth century定位到文中第二段......Theimpetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by anumber of factors- immense technological progress in the domain ofchemistry,.......其中，in the field of意思等同于inthe domain of“在....領域”，因此答案為chemistry。
In recent years, manyof them have been obliged to give up their _____ lifestyle, but they continueto depend mainly on _____ for their food and clothes.
解析：根據(jù)上下文定位到文中 Overthe past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in theterritory's 18 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature toprovide food and clothing. 因為大多數(shù)同學都認識abandon, 更知道giveup是“放棄”的意思，屬于單詞與詞組的替換，因此第一個空填nomadic,lifestyle“生活方式”與ways替換，dependmainly on與rely heavily on屬于詞組與詞組的替換，意為“依賴......”，答案為nature。
綜上所述，同義詞替換在雅思閱讀中的重要作用顯而易見。提醒廣大考生在平時一定要注意多積累，比如在背單詞的時候，就不能只滿足于記住單詞本身，還應該多想想這個單詞有什么同義、近義詞，以及詞組的代換，這樣在雅思閱讀中就能取得好的成績。
