非謂語動詞（三）——過去分詞
I. 概述：表被動、無名詞性
上回已解剖現(xiàn)在分詞，其要旨在于表示主動的動作，而既有主動，自有被動。與之相對的被動動作，就由過去分詞來表達(dá)。兩者的基本區(qū)別略述如下。
-ed分詞與-ing分詞同屬非謂語動詞的家庭。它們這種親緣關(guān)系表現(xiàn)在：
1）它們都不能獨立地充當(dāng)謂語；
2）它們都可在句子其它位置充當(dāng)多種成分，如定語、狀語、補語；
3）它們的成員中都有變節(jié)為形容詞、介詞、從屬連詞者。
但它們既然為不同的非謂語動詞，當(dāng)然有著各自的特點。其基本區(qū)別在于：
1）-ed分詞主要表示被動關(guān)系，而-ing分詞表主動；
2）-ed分詞無名詞性，故不能涉足主語賓語這些位置，而-ing分詞則可以；
3）-ed分詞形式單一，只有一種形式，-ing分詞則有幾種變體。
II．無名詞性：永不做主語賓語
1．作主語，不合格
要點一：非謂語動詞不講時態(tài)，只講語態(tài)。
(非謂語動詞表示不出“時”，只表示主動或被動。Fail與he是主動關(guān)系，故用-ing分詞。)
例：
Nixon lied. It finally led to his resignation.
*(His) Lied finally led to Nixon’s resignation.
當(dāng)動詞不作謂語也就是用非謂語動詞時，就不再管時態(tài)——時態(tài)是謂語動詞的事；要判斷的是主被動的問題。Lie與 Nixon是主動關(guān)系，所以用-ing分詞。
Lying finally led to Nixon’s resignation.或 Nixon’s lying finally led to his resignation.
考點
要點二：在主語位置，用-ing分詞的被動式表被動的動作。
I am forced to struggle desperately with English. That is a tragedy.
*Forced to struggle with English is a tragedy.
“-ing分詞表主動，-ed分詞表被動”有一個前提：-ed分詞無名詞性，不能作主賓語，所以有一個“凡是”：凡是相當(dāng)于名詞的時候，都由-ing分詞來擔(dān)當(dāng)。如果被動，則用-ing分詞的被動式)
Being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy. (或My being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy.)
I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time.
He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差一點就被車軋著了。
Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (9506 CET-4)
a. having been fined b. to be fined c. to have been fined d. being fined
2．作賓語，不合格
Grammar was misunderstood. She felt disappointed at that.
*Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstood.
*Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstanding.
Grammar felt disappointed at being misunderstood.
English was taken seriously. She resented that.
English resented being taken seriously.
考點
如前已述，非謂語動詞不是按時態(tài)來進(jìn)行選擇。但有時-ing分詞也可表示出一定的時間概念，如發(fā)生在前。但表示法不是用過去“時”，而是用完成“體”。注意：-ing分詞的完成體此時主要用以強調(diào)動作“是否發(fā)生過”這一方面。
He denied having taken it. 他否認(rèn)拿了它。
She regrets/repents having said it. 她后悔說了這話。
She admitted having read the letter. 她承認(rèn)看過這封信。
I could not recall having heard anyone say that before. 我不記得以前聽過誰說這樣的話。
The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. (9706 CET-4)
a. have told b. be told c. being told d. having told
(注意此題中，confess to具有一定的迷惑性，其實它如look forward to一樣，相當(dāng)于一個及物動詞， “to”非不定式符號。)
再復(fù)雜一點，把完成體再跟被動攪和在一起，形成-ing分詞的完成被動式，表示發(fā)生在前面的被動動作。表面看似龐然大物的東西，自然也受出題者青睞。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
He pride himself on having never been beaten in chess. 他為自己下棋從未被擊敗而自豪。
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as _____ in a short period of time.
a. being treated b. to have been created c. having been created d. to be created
III．表示被動：與某個主體形成被動關(guān)系
過去分詞表示被動。跟現(xiàn)在分詞一樣，也得找到相應(yīng)的主體，即跟誰形成被動關(guān)系。根據(jù)其所做的成分不同，主體也有相應(yīng)變化。
1．過去分詞作定語：與被修飾的名詞形成被動關(guān)系
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.（動詞organize與被修飾的名詞trip形成被動關(guān)系，即trip is organized, 也可以說是動賓關(guān)系即organize a trip, 故用過去分詞）。 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.（elect those, or those are elected） 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。
2．過去分詞作表語：自然與主語形成被動關(guān)系。
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動）
3．過去分詞作賓語補足語：與賓語形成被動關(guān)系
I heard the song sung several times last week. （song is sung, or sing the song）
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4．過去分詞作狀語：與句子主語形成被動關(guān)系
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. （he is praised, or praise him）
受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (it is seen, or see it)
一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.(I am given, or give me)
如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(he is told, or tell him)
雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進(jìn)山洞。(he is filled, or fill him)
一條小支流：不及物動詞過去分詞表完成
因為過去分詞核心的意義是表示被動關(guān)系。由上我們也可看出，被動意義的形成以動詞是及物動詞為前提。故一般來說過去分詞都是及物動詞，或者不及物動詞加介詞構(gòu)成的相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語。
但凡規(guī)則都有例外，有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的。
時，過去分詞形式表示的不是被動，而是完成。如：
boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）
newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）
the changed world（變了的世界）
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
過去分詞特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：按特定的方式理解
1．連詞 過去分詞
-ed分詞也有帶有連詞的情形。這時候邏輯關(guān)系自然就非常清楚了，不用多費心思。
If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.
如果你被接受擔(dān)任這個職務(wù)，將在一禮拜內(nèi)通知你。
Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers.
除非作某些變動，否則這條法律將使農(nóng)民的生活發(fā)生困難。
I went on talking, thought continually interrupted by Dussel.
我繼續(xù)往下談，盡管不斷被杜塞爾打斷。
He started, as if awakened from some dream.
他猛然一驚，仿佛從夢中驚醒。
Once informed, I’ll take actions.
一旦得到通知，我就會采取行動。
The couple took good care of the baby while occupied by their work.
這對夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧著嬰兒。
2．過去分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
This done, we went home.
相當(dāng)于：When this was done, we went home.
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.
相當(dāng)于：Since all our savings were gone, we started looking for jobs.
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.
相當(dāng)于：She gazed, and her hands were clasped to her breast.
It rained and rained, vehicles bogged down and bridges washed out.
相當(dāng)于：It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged down and bridges were washed out.
All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98-06 CET-4)
a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered
相當(dāng)于：If all things are considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
3．-ed分詞同樣適用于“介賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)。
With my homework finished, I went out for a walk.
Ice, of relative density 0.9, floats in water, with nine-tenth submerged.
冰的比重為0.9，它浮在水面上時，9/10淹沒在水里。
過去分詞的變異：形式上的過去分詞已完全叛變?yōu)槠渌~
1．-ed形容詞
-ed分詞為形容詞時，也表現(xiàn)為單獨作定語或表語。理解的思路亦復(fù)與-ing分詞相同：不再是表示動作，而是描述性狀；意義與相關(guān)的動詞有緊密聯(lián)系。
-ing分詞中已講到，表情感的及物動詞變來的形容詞，常表示“（某事物）給人某種感覺或影響”這樣一種性質(zhì)：
與之相對應(yīng)，-ed形容詞表示被動的含義，通常指（某人）受到事物的影響而具有的某種感覺：
-ing形容詞 -ed形容詞
alarming: 讓人擔(dān)憂的，驚心的 alarmed: 擔(dān)心的
charming: 迷人的 charmed: 著迷的
amusing: 有趣的到 amused: 愉快的
astonishing/surprising astonished/surprised
/astounding/shocking: /astounded/shocked: 吃驚的
encouraging: 令人鼓舞的 encouraged: 受到鼓舞的
confusing: 令人糊涂的 confused: 糊涂的
refreshing: 令人振奮的 refreshed: 振奮的
striking: 顯著的，驚人的 stricken: 遭殃的，患病的等
而不及物動詞相關(guān)的形容詞，在-ing分詞形容詞表示動作或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)性，而-ed分詞形容詞則表示動作完成后所處的狀態(tài)。
Fallen leaves 落葉 a retired army officer 退休軍官 an escaped prisoner逃犯
比較：falling leaves
2．-ed介詞
-ed介詞已經(jīng)從動詞叛變，同樣可從兩個方面來看：一是它的意義雖與動詞相關(guān)，但已有所變化；二是它沒有什么邏輯主語。最常用的一個是given。表示“考慮到已有的某種事物”或假設(shè)“如果有某種事物”，在此基礎(chǔ)上可作出一個推斷。
Given the government’s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor.
鑒于政府在解決失業(yè)問題上成績不佳，他們在選舉中獲勝的機會似乎不大。
Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
考慮到她喜歡孩子，我可以肯定教書是最適合她的職業(yè)。
Given contrasting circumstances, identical twin would develop quite different personalities.
如果環(huán)境迥異，同卵的雙胞胎也可能形成大相徑庭的性格特點。
3．-ed連詞
數(shù)量少。常用的有provided。另，given that也相當(dāng)于從屬連詞。Provided也可用provided that或providing, providing that進(jìn)行替換。這種可-ing分詞也可-ed分詞的局面說明它們與動詞已有了相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x了，因為動詞的主被動關(guān)系是徑渭分明的；另一方面，可以跟 “that”也說明它作起介詞來，畢竟不如正宗的介詞那么理直氣壯。
I will agree to go provided (that) my expenses are paid.假如為我負(fù)擔(dān)費用，我就同意去。
熱門推薦：
考研培訓(xùn) 
