考研培訓(xùn) 考研培訓(xùn) 發(fā)布時(shí)間： 2017年02月21日
（一）出題人命題思路破解
文章本無意，源自出題人。也就是說，一篇文章包括前期的選取加工處理改造，最后設(shè)計(jì)出題，均源自出題人。文章千奇百怪，形式千變?nèi)f化，但是出題人的出題思路和考查目的卻是萬(wàn)變不離其宗。因此，學(xué)習(xí)閱讀理解的過程其實(shí)就是破解出題人思路的過程。換位思考尤為重要。也就是說，假如我們自己是出題人，又會(huì)考查學(xué)生什么樣的閱讀能力，然后通過什么形式來考查學(xué)生？
筆者認(rèn)為，閱讀理解最好的訓(xùn)練方法是自己拿一篇文章自己出五個(gè)問題。通過出題就一定可以理解出題人的出題用意和出題思路。
不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們會(huì)按照以下思路考查學(xué)生。
第一、文章中心思想是什么
第二、文章作者態(tài)度是什么
第三、某一個(gè)單詞、詞組或者句子本身是什么意思
第四、作者說某句話的意思是什么
第五、某一問題出現(xiàn)的原因是什么
第六、作者列舉某一例子的目的是什么或者為了說明什么問題
第七、從某一段落或文章中能推斷出什么來
第八、下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的或是不正確的
第九、作者的寫作手法是什么
第十、文章節(jié)選于哪里
第十一、文章下文會(huì)繼續(xù)提到什么
第十二、作者暗示什么
第十三、讀懂前后句關(guān)系
（二）閱讀理解常考點(diǎn)
通過對(duì)歷年來考題的有效解析，我們總結(jié)出以下十個(gè)閱讀理解常考點(diǎn)：
1、首末端首末句
（1）文章首段首末句往往出"主旨大意題"。因?yàn)?，英語(yǔ)文章的開始往往會(huì)采取開門見山的形式提出文章的中心思想。有些時(shí)候會(huì)在首段末句出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but, however, yet，則轉(zhuǎn)折后所要表述的內(nèi)容往往是文章的中心思想，因此通常成為出題人出題點(diǎn)。
【真題回放2010-Text1】
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
（2）末端首末句，通常會(huì)對(duì)全文的說明和論證進(jìn)行總結(jié)，由此也會(huì)成為考查點(diǎn)通常會(huì)用一些總括性的標(biāo)志詞如：all in all, in short, to conclude, in consequence, in summary, in a word, as a result, therefore, accordingly, thus等引導(dǎo)。
【真題回放2008-Text2】
① This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. ② Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. ③ There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. ④ There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. ⑤ Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. ⑥ All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
2、轉(zhuǎn)折
一些明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折詞包括but, however, yet（謂語(yǔ)句首）, though, on the contrary; Although/ While/ In spite of/ Despite---,----;等，轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后的意思一般來說都是相反的，而作者往往偏重轉(zhuǎn)折處后面的內(nèi)容。因此，在閱讀過程中看到轉(zhuǎn)折詞，考生最好能作上標(biāo)志以方便做題時(shí)候的查找。
【真題回放2008-Text3】
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.
35. The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
3、對(duì)比和類比處
作者也經(jīng)常把兩個(gè)事物、兩種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，從而論證自己觀點(diǎn)的正確性。表示對(duì)比的一些標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)有in contrast, in comparison, compared with 等。特別需要指出的是，只要文章第一段中出現(xiàn)對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊膬?nèi)容，往往將在下文中進(jìn)行具體的議論，并在文章最后得出結(jié)論，這通常是出題點(diǎn)。
【真題回放2008-Text1】
① While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.② "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
4、舉例處
（1）舉例子：句子的作用是為了支持論證作者的觀點(diǎn)，這些例子往往與作者的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)，具有重大的意義，因此也成為了考試出題點(diǎn)。這種題目在文章中的線索非常明顯，一般都帶有如下的標(biāo)志性詞匯：for example, for instance, take … as an example, as, such as, like 等。舉例子作用通常有三個(gè)：第一、證明論點(diǎn)，論點(diǎn)在前；第二、引出話題或得出結(jié)論，話題和結(jié)論在后；第三、通過對(duì)比突出強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的某一方面。
【真題回放2011-Text3】
① If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. ② In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. ③ Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.
[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
（2）列舉：所謂列舉是指通過一些表示順承關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)逐項(xiàng)列出一些事實(shí)或者觀點(diǎn)，標(biāo)志性的詞匯包括First, Second, Third… ; Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly… Finally; First of all, Then, In addition, Further, Furthermore, Besides, Moreover… 針對(duì)這一考點(diǎn)的題目通?？疾槲恼录?xì)節(jié)，有時(shí)候也涉及對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的推理判斷。出題形式最多的往往是"是非判斷題"。
【真題回放2009-Text3】
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
5、因果關(guān)系處
因果句通常是作者進(jìn)行分析或者得出結(jié)論的地方。英語(yǔ)句子存在前因后果和前果后因，考生一定要弄清楚誰(shuí)導(dǎo)致誰(shuí)。出題者為了考查考生的閱讀能力和邏輯分析能力，經(jīng)常會(huì)把含有因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行顛倒，將"因變成了果、果變成了因"，考生需要注意辨別實(shí)際的因果關(guān)系，防止混淆。表示因果關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)有：
（1）原因because, because of, so, for, since, as, result from, originate from, derive from; base, basis, reason, above all, after all等。
【真題回放2007-Text2】
① The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. ② The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version). ③ Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. ④ Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. ⑤ Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
（2）結(jié)果：thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result; lead to, attribute to, result, consequence, result in, cause等。
【真題回放1997-Text3】
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
（3）有時(shí)候文章中雖然沒有出現(xiàn)表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)，但是句與句在邏輯關(guān)系上也存在著因果關(guān)系，這個(gè)時(shí)候考生就需要自己進(jìn)行仔細(xì)判斷和推理。
【真題回放2001-Text2】
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.
56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.
[A] offers economic potentials
[B] can bring foreign funds
[C] can soon wipe out world poverty
[D] connects people all over the world
6、類比比喻處
類比在文中主要有兩種體現(xiàn)方式，一是明喻，即A像B一樣；二是暗喻，說A是B，由于暗喻更加隱蔽，出題人往往趨向于在暗喻內(nèi)容上出題?？忌€要熟記，"借喻或借代"也是出題人常考的地方，例如用"多米諾骨牌"進(jìn)行借代等。
【真題回放1997-Text1】
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.
[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
7、引用處
說明文或者議論文中經(jīng)常引用他人的觀點(diǎn)來支持論證作者自己的觀點(diǎn)。引文既可以是從正面來支持自己的觀點(diǎn)，也可以是通過駁斥反面觀點(diǎn)從而論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。因此，引文間接地表達(dá)了作者自己的觀點(diǎn)，有一定的隱蔽性和迷惑性，所以也是出題考查的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)，通常會(huì)考查考生的推理能力和對(duì)作者態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)的判斷能力。具體出現(xiàn)位置往往是第一段的第一句話。
【真題回放2003-Text2】
① To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." ② One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. ③ Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. ④ Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. ⑤ Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________.
[A] call on scientists to take some actions
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
8、長(zhǎng)難句
長(zhǎng)難句，顧名思義，就是又長(zhǎng)又難的句子，主要是一些句中套句的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，其中包含了同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、各種從句等，使得句子長(zhǎng)達(dá)好幾行。因此這些復(fù)雜的句型也往往成為了試題命制的重點(diǎn)所在，主要考查考生對(duì)句中的指代關(guān)系和句子層次的理解，常見的題型是推理判斷題。考生應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練自己對(duì)付長(zhǎng)難句的能力，平時(shí)練習(xí)中有意識(shí)地去分解這些句子，理解其中的指代關(guān)系和句子層次。
【真題回放2007-Text4】
① Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year - from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley - have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out
[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
9、特殊詞匯
考研閱讀試題中經(jīng)?？疾榭忌鷮?duì)于一些詞語(yǔ)和詞匯的理解，這些特殊詞匯包括了平時(shí)不經(jīng)常使用的生僻詞、常見詞語(yǔ)平時(shí)不經(jīng)常用到的意思或搭配、以及關(guān)系代詞等。這類題目的解題關(guān)鍵在于讀懂詞匯所在文章位置的前后句及上下文，從而推斷中其意思。
【真題回放2010-Text2】
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
10、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
有一些特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)也經(jīng)常成為出題的對(duì)象，因此考生應(yīng)該對(duì)以下標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的用法較為熟悉：逗號(hào)、冒號(hào)、括號(hào)、破折號(hào)、引號(hào)以及問號(hào)。
（1）逗號(hào)：兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容、或者一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容，通常都起到補(bǔ)充說明第一個(gè)逗號(hào)前面內(nèi)容的作用。
【真題回放2000-Text5】
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs - the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.
[A] they think of it as immoral
[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
（2）冒號(hào)：其解釋說明或者高度概括。
【真題回放2007-Text4】
① It never rains but it pours. ② Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in America - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. ③ Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.
36. The statement "It never rains but it pours" is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations.
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
（3）括號(hào)：其解釋說明作用。
【真題回放2006-Text2】
① Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (②The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.③ Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.)④ The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending
[B] the company is financially ill-managed
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise
（4）破折號(hào)：兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容往往充當(dāng)插入語(yǔ)，其解釋說明租用；一個(gè)破折號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容，通常表示解釋說明或者高度概括，作用類似于冒號(hào)。
【真題回放2005-Text2】
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research - a classic case of "paralysis by analysis."
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
（5）引號(hào)：表示引用他人的觀點(diǎn)，或者突出強(qiáng)調(diào)，或者反語(yǔ)。
【真題回放2011-Text4】
① It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, "I love My Children, I Hate My Life," is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.② Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. ③ Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight."
36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring
[A]temporary delight
[B]enjoyment in progress
[C]happiness in retrospect
[D]lasting reward
（6）問號(hào)：如果第一段開頭設(shè)問，往往是引出下文或者設(shè)問句本身就是中心思想句；
【真題回放2001-Text3】
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
59. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] needs of the readers all over the world
[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D] aims of a journalism credibility project
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
如果句中設(shè)問往往后面緊跟的句子是答案
【真題回放1997-Text1】
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
如果在文章最后一段最后一句話，往往可以省略不看。
【真題回放2001-Text4】
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
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