發(fā)布時間： 2017年01月09日

英語四級聽力只為你量身定制每天一練(11.10)

Hollywood gender pay gap eliminated.

When actors receive their Academy Award – known as the Oscar – they often thank their producer,director, family members and even their agent.

Last February, Patricia Arquette won the Best Supporting Actress award for her role in the film“Boyhood.” She used her moment on stage to call attention to pay inequality in Hollywood.

"… it is our time to have wage equality once and for all, and equal rights for women in the UnitedStates of America.”

Arquette was talking about a socio-political issue in America. For every dollar a man earns, womenare paid around 77 cents.

This issue is called the gender pay gap.

Forbes magazine listed how much Hollywood actresses earn every year. The magazine namedactress Jennifer Lawrence as the top-paid actress. She earned $52 million in 2015. ScarlettJohannson came in second at $35.5 million.

The Forbes list included international stars. Chinese actress Bingbing Fan came in fourth with $21million in earnings.

There is no question about the wealth of these actresses. But the question is: Should they bericher?

According to Forbes, only four actresses earned more than $20 million. Twenty-one actors, on theother hand, made at least that much.

Overall, top actors like Robert Downey, Jr. and Jackie Chan earn hundreds of millions of dollarsmore than Hollywood’s top actresses.

This isn’t a problem only in the movie business. It tends to be an issue throughout the workforce.

The American Association of University Women studied the pay gap earlier this year. Theorganization used the American Community Survey. The survey asks questions about the cost ofliving in the United States.

The most recent data from the survey came out in 2014. It showed men earn about 21-percentmore than women in all industries.

Sony hacking revealed gender pay gap

When Sony Pictures was hacked last year, thousands of private emails became public.

Some of them included information about how much money the stars of the movie “AmericanHustle” earned. Jennifer Lawrence was one of those actors. Despite playing one of the main roles, she did not earn as much as her male co-stars, Christian Bale, Bradley Cooper and Jeremy Renner.

Thanks to Arquette and other women, Hollywood celebrities are talking about pay inequality.

Tough or confrontational?

The first issue seems to be the idea that when a man negotiates his salary, he is seen as being“tough.” When a woman does the same thing, she is seen as confrontational and difficult. Somesimilar words were used to describe Hollywood actresses like Lawrence.

Lawrence recently wrote a commentary for the web magazine, Lenny. She wrote about not wantingto seem “difficult” or “spoiled” when negotiating with producers.

She makes the point that men and women are conditioned to behave differently when it comes togetting what they want.

“I was busy worrying about coming across as a brat [instead of] not getting my fair share,”Lawrence wrote.

Bradley Cooper and Jeremy Renner, who also appeared in “American Hustle,” shared their opinionsabout the differences in pay.

Cooper said he would work to help actresses negotiate better contracts. Renner first said it was not “his job” to worry about his co-stars contracts. But he then explained on Twitter that peopleshould be recognized “by their merit or service.”

Will Hollywood address the pay gap?

How can Hollywood learn to reward men and women equally? Can the lessons from Hollywood beapplied elsewhere?

Dr. Martha Lauzen is a researcher at San Diego State University. She says women who usemanagers to oversee their activities usually hire other women.

Lauzen looked at the top 700 films in 2014. She found that if the director was a woman, the writerwould be female, too, more than half the time. But if the director was a man, only 8 percent ofwriters were women.

In a conversation with Entertainment Weekly, Lauzen said the decision to pay men and womenequally in Hollywood still depends on the studio executives.

“Why aren’t we hearing from the major film studios? They are the ones who could change thegender dynamic. And they are silent. There has to be a will to change,” she said.

California’s Fair Pay Act

California lawmakers credited Arquette’s speech with helping them to pass the Fair Pay Act inOctober. The new law requires businesses to pay employees doing the same job the same level ofpay.

Small differences based on experience or work quality are allowed. The same applies to actors andactresses in Hollywood.

Words in This Story

role - n. an actor's party; duties

stage - n. the place where theatrical productions are performed

gender - adj. relating to the state of being male or female

gap - n. the difference between two things

brat – n. a child who behaves very badly : an annoying child

hack – v. to secretly get access to the files on a computer or network in order to get information,cause damage, etc.

confrontational - adj. dealing with situations in an aggressive way

contracts – n. someone or something that has the same job or purpose as another

merit - n. the quality of being vry good or worthy

apply - v. to make an official request