【從句】
一、定語從句
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose(of which)，but(who/that…not)，as等，關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why，how等。大多數(shù)定語從句都對所修飾的名詞或代詞加以限制，去掉該從句后先行詞將意義不全或失去意義。而非限制性定語從句的作用在于補(bǔ)充，翻譯時常常另起一個句子，與主句構(gòu)成并列句。
(一)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，that指人或指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語。多數(shù)情況下，可與which互換。
【真題例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins。(2001完形)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…；其中bill由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity…修飾，在從句中，that指代先行詞bill作主語。觀察連詞and，可確定此從句中并列兩個謂語will propose和will control。其中control的賓語the amount of publicity后又跟一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can be given to a case before a trial begins，使用了被動語態(tài)，that指代先行詞publicity作主語。句首的介詞短語In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的狀語。
【參考譯文】為了有效地加強(qiáng)對新聞界的法律監(jiān)控，大法官歐文勛爵將引入一項草案。這項草案將提出付款給證人是非法的，并且要嚴(yán)格控制審判前對案件的曝光。
【真題例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001閱讀1)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干是一個完成時的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)The overall result has been… for amateurs，表語由不定式短語to make…h(huán)arder(使……更難)充當(dāng)。名詞短語a result that…是主干中主語result的同位語，作用是對其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。在此名詞短語中，關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句that has been reinforced by…修飾先行詞result，that在從句中代替result作主語，從句的謂語使用了被動語態(tài)。
【參考譯文】總體結(jié)果是，業(yè)余人員在專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物上發(fā)表論文更難了，這種結(jié)果又由于審稿的廣泛引入而變得更糟——19世紀(jì)由國家級雜志評審， 20世紀(jì)由一些地方地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志評審。
【真題例句】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為there be句型。主干為There will be television chat shows…，and cars…其中shows后由過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)hosted by robots(作定語)修飾，cars后的介賓短語with pollution monitors作后置定語，該定語中monitors后跟一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that will disable them…，關(guān)系代詞that指代monitors在從句中作主語。句末的when they offend作從句中的時間狀語。
【參考譯文】未來將出現(xiàn)機(jī)器人主持的談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，當(dāng)汽車污染超標(biāo)時，監(jiān)控器就會讓其停止。
【真題例句】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002閱讀2)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句與上句同，主干there be句型there are already robot systems…中，systems由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can perform…(直到句末)修飾，關(guān)系代詞that指代先行詞systems在從句中作主語。破折號之后的部分far greater precision than…是submillimeter accuracy的同位語，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，這里使用了比較級。句首的And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics作全句的狀語。
【參考譯文】由于電子技術(shù)的不斷微型化和微型機(jī)械學(xué)的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了能夠完成某些腦部和骨科手術(shù)的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)，其精確程度已達(dá)到亞毫米級，這一精確程度大大超出了技術(shù)嫻熟的醫(yī)生光憑雙手所能達(dá)到的水平。
【真題例句】For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。(2004完形)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干的結(jié)構(gòu)為“主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ)”，即changes make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。主語changes后有兩個修飾語，其一是介詞短語in the economy作的后置定語，其二是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general。該定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞changes作主語，謂語lead to有兩個賓語，分別為job opportunities 和 unemployment，由and并列。
【參考譯文】舉例來說，經(jīng)濟(jì)改革導(dǎo)致了年輕人就業(yè)機(jī)會的減少和普遍上升的失業(yè)率，這些都使得有酬工作越來越難找。
注意：只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況：
(1)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which；
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