七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：
1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況
(1)must have 過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為"(昨天)一定……"。如：
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?"
(2)can't/couldn't have 過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為"(昨天)一定沒……"。 如：
Mary couldn't have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
(3)may/might have 過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為"也許……"。如：
At Florida Power's Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1)needn't have 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為"其實(shí)沒必要……"。如：
As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn't have dressed up so formally.
(2)should /should not have 過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了, 譯為"本(不)應(yīng)該……"。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
(3)ought to have 過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為"該……"，與should的完成式含義類似。如：
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(4)could have 過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為"完全可以……"。如：
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
(5)may/might have 過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為"(那樣)也許會(huì)……"。如：
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?br />
(1)may/might (just) as well"不妨，最好"，與had better相近。如：
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
(2)cannot/can't…too… "越……越好，怎么也不過分"。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot…over…。如：
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.
The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.
(3)usedn't或didn't use to為used to (do)的否定式。
(4)should 除了"應(yīng)該"一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其"竟然"的意思。如：
I didn't expect that he should have behaved like that.
八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí)
1.形容詞的句法功能
形容詞在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：
(1)以 "a" 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語(yǔ)，可做表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)。
(2)某些以副詞詞綴 "-ly" 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語(yǔ)：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：
All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
2.副詞主要測(cè)試其修飾作用
考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、整個(gè)句子。如：
This pair of shoes isn't good, but that pair is hardly better.
(與前半句的否定意義吻合)
It's essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family's disappointment.
Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
3.考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half that of last year's.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray's.
(3)比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語(yǔ) as…as…, 或修飾語(yǔ) more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
"Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?" "No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it."
(4)下列詞和短語(yǔ)不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
4.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題
(1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world； of, among 用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of…，不說among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：
Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
(2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：
any other 單數(shù)名詞
the other 復(fù)數(shù)名詞
the others
anyone/anything else
上述詞是用來將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同。
5.有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as…與其說……不如說……
The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(3)no /not any less…than…兩者一樣都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)
1.注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語(yǔ)，或都是不定式，或都是動(dòng)名詞，或都是句子等。如：
Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.
In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.
2.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。如：
It is better to die on one's feet than to live on one's knees.
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
3.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)。
(1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如：
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.
For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
(2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.
十、代詞
1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致
如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.
It was during the 1920's that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.
2.that的指代作用
that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如：
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional "digestive pauses" by both.
No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
3.one的指代作用
one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one 指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：
A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
4.do的替代作用
do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：
For him to be rejected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.
十一、主謂一致問題
主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)。
1.主謂一致常出現(xiàn)在主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.
Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facilities.
2.主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間有定語(yǔ)從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主語(yǔ)。如：
The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.
3.關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.
There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.
4.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：
Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.
5.主語(yǔ)帶有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。如：
The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.
6.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
7.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：
a great many 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
many a 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
a number of 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
the number of 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
the majority of 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
each/every 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
neither/either of 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
more than one 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
one and a half 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
the greater part of
a large proportion of
50% of
謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致
one third of
plenty of
the rest of
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