2016托福閱讀：推斷題的解題方法

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托福閱讀：推斷題的解題方法

托福閱讀中的推斷題一直是考生心理的陰影和恐懼，尤其是“推斷”兩個字，瞬間會讓大家聯(lián)想到柯南, 福爾摩斯之類帶有懸疑色彩的東西。據(jù)對所帶的學生進行的調(diào)查，提到哪種閱讀題型最難做，將近50%的學生把票投給了推斷題。

毋庸置疑，推斷題一定有一定的難度所在，這點我們從托?？荚嚬俜街改?og)的改變上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)一些端倪。第三版og上，推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題，第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見一斑。

那么，我們改如何應對推斷題呢?推斷題真的像我們想象的這么難么?

今天我們一起來從考查形式上來解刨一下推斷題。

題干特征：推斷題的題干經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)infer,suggest,imply, indicate這類單詞

考查形式主要分為兩大類：對比推斷和細節(jié)推斷，而后者出現(xiàn)的幾率更大。

考查形式一：對比推斷

A時間對比：一般有兩個形成對比的時間點，它們所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文會出現(xiàn)before1990的信息，而題目會問after 1990的信息?

解決方案：收集問題對應的時間點的信息，然后取反。

注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示時間節(jié)點的詞 before, after, not…until…

例題

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

答案D

對應關(guān)鍵句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

B直接對比：兩個或多個事物的特征——如原文會出現(xiàn)A的特點，然后會有B和A相比較的信息，然后題目問B的特點?

解決方案：收集題干所問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的全部信息(一般為上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的與之相關(guān)的信息(一般為上述的A)的基礎之上取反。

注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示對比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。

例題

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

答案A

對應關(guān)鍵句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

考查形式二：細節(jié)推斷

考查細節(jié)判斷，事物的特點，屬性等。

解決方案：收集題干所提問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的所有信息。如果推斷對象所涉及的信息比較多，難以抓到重點，則逐個選項進行定位篩選。

例題

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

答案C

AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

綜上所述，推斷題并沒有我們想象的那么晦澀。它仍然是關(guān)注細節(jié)層面的題目，主要考查考生收集和題目相關(guān)的信息和梳理這些信息的能力。我們需要做到：

1把題干提問的推斷對象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。

2記住所看即所得，不要過分推斷，不要腦補。

3任何文章中出現(xiàn)的信息都有可能考查推斷，所以不要忽略任何一個細節(jié)。

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