2016年托福閱讀(TOEFL)四種常見邏輯關(guān)系

　　第一種因果關(guān)系

　　因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with

　　果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly

　　因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達(dá)詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個(gè)重要部分。

　　隱性因果：

　　A 導(dǎo)致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

　　如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

　　在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to, 表示了導(dǎo)致的意思，即結(jié)果; 而so that 更進(jìn)一步表示了后面的結(jié)果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。

　　B 由…而來(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to

　　如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”

　　在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系，那如果是解釋句子題時(shí)，選項(xiàng)中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。

　　C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

　　This result demonstrates that…中華考試網(wǎng)

　　D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

　　He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

　　E 依賴于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

　　He resorted to books when he had problems.

　　F 條件關(guān)系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

　　As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

　　G 分詞短語，不定式做狀語

　　Failing in the final exam, she cried.

　　第二種對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

　　A 對(duì)比：while, whereas, on the other hand

　　在解釋句子題，插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對(duì)比關(guān)系，學(xué)生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就能非?？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While, whereas 前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。

　　B 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

　　第三種比較關(guān)系

　　A 同級(jí)比較 as…as

　　B 比較級(jí)：more…than, -er than, less…than

　　C 變化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

　　D 差異：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

　　E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

　　F 最高級(jí)

　　1)本身有最高級(jí)含義：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

　　2) 本身程度比較深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

　　3) 否定 比較=最高級(jí)

　　No one is more outstanding than him.

　　從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級(jí)關(guān)系。

　　第四種否定關(guān)系

　　顯性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

　　隱形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

　　否定前綴：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

　　否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)排除。

　　雙重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

　　雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的表達(dá)方式，由于在平時(shí)中文對(duì)話中用的很少，隨意對(duì)雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

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