2016年托福寫作語料庫：恒溫動物恐龍

　　托福綜合寫作閱讀材料：

　　Endotherms are animals such as modern birdsand mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humansare endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37℃, no matterwhether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, andmodern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were notendotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, andthere is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.

　　恒溫動物是指諸如現(xiàn)代鳥類和哺乳動物這種可以保持體溫恒定的動物。比如，人是恒溫動物，無論環(huán)境溫度是怎樣，體溫都維持在37℃。因為恐龍屬于爬行動物，而現(xiàn)代的爬行動物都不屬于恒溫動物，所以長期以來恐龍都被當(dāng)做是變溫動物。然而，恐龍在很多地方都同現(xiàn)在的爬行動物不一致。同時，現(xiàn)在有大量的證據(jù)表明恐龍其實是恒溫動物。

　　Polardinosaurs

　　One reason for believing that dinosaurswere endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions.Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surroundingenvironment could be active in such cold climates.

　　極地恐龍

　　主張恐龍屬于恒溫動物的原因是在極地發(fā)現(xiàn)了恐龍。只有能夠很好維持體溫的動物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。

　　Legposition and movement

　　There is a connection between endothermyand the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allowssustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only ifan animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, asthey are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms areunderneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggeststhat dinosaurs were endotherms.

　　腿的位置和運動方式

　　恒溫動物和腿的位置及運動方式有一定聯(lián)系。恒溫動物的生理結(jié)構(gòu)允許它們進(jìn)行持續(xù)的物理運動，比如奔跑。但是，只有當(dāng)腿長在身體的下部而不是兩側(cè)的時候才能快速地奔跑，而像鱷魚或者很多蜥蜴的腿，都是長在身體兩側(cè)的。所有現(xiàn)代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點。這很有力地說明了恐龍是恒溫動物。

　　Haversiancanals

　　There is also a connection betweenendothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually includestructures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vesselsthat allow the living animal to grow quickly; and rapid body growth is in facta characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in boneis astrong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones ofdinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.

　　哈弗森管

　　恒溫動物和骨結(jié)構(gòu)之間也有相應(yīng)的關(guān)聯(lián)。很多恒溫動物都有一種名為哈弗森管的骨結(jié)構(gòu)。這種哈弗森管可以保護(hù)神經(jīng)和血管以保障動物快速地生長，而快速生長恰恰是恒溫動物的一個特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的說明該動物屬于恒溫動物，而恐龍的骨骼化石中常?？梢杂^察到哈弗森管。

　　托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：

　　- Main point: 恐龍是恒溫動物

　　- Sub point 1: 恐龍的化石在極地發(fā)現(xiàn)，而極地只有恒溫動物生存，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。

　　- Sub point 2: 恐龍有跟恒溫動物一樣的腿結(jié)構(gòu)，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。(這個是有邏輯漏洞

　　的，一會在聽力部分我再解釋)

　　- Sub point 3: 恐龍跟恒溫動物一樣的哈弗森管，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。

重點閱讀：

新東方托福：

新東方托福培訓(xùn)視頻：

托福輔導(dǎo)：