2016新托福語法：過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式與用法

A 形式

過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由 had been 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，因此無人稱變化：

I had/I’d been working

they had not/hadn’t been working

had you been working?

had you not/hadn’t you been working?

凡不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能有這種時(shí)態(tài)，但動(dòng)詞want(有時(shí)還有wish)除外：

The boy was delighted with his new knife.He had been wanting one fora long time.

男孩對(duì)新小刀很高興。他早就想要一把了。

注意：這一時(shí)態(tài)沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，像They had been picking ap-ples(他們一直在摘蘋果)這樣的句子，最近似的被動(dòng)式是Ap-ples had been picked(蘋果已摘完)，實(shí)際上這兩種說法意思并不相同。(參見下面B3。)

B 用法

過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系，同現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系相同。(參見第192節(jié)。)

1 表示動(dòng)作在所說的過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始并持續(xù)到那一時(shí)刻或者在那一時(shí)刻之前剛剛停止時(shí)，常?？梢杂脙蓚€(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中的任一個(gè)(參見第192節(jié)A)：

It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.

已經(jīng)6點(diǎn)了，他感到很累，因?yàn)樗麖奶炝疗鹨恢惫ぷ鞯浆F(xiàn)在。相當(dāng)于：

It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.

那時(shí)正是6點(diǎn)，他因從一大早就干活而累了。

2 用過去完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)可以作為一種連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示(參見第192節(jié)B)：

he had tried five times to get her on the phone.

他曾試著打了五次電話要找她。

He had been trying to get her on the phone.

他一直在試著打電話找她。

3 一個(gè)用過去完成時(shí)表達(dá)的單一動(dòng)作和一個(gè)用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作不同(參見第192節(jié)C)：

By six o’clock he had repaired the engine.

到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他已經(jīng)修好發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)了。(這項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)完成。)

但He had been repairing the engine(他一直在修理發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī))僅告訴我們他在前面的時(shí)間/前半小時(shí)里做什么，而并不告訴我們這項(xiàng)工作是否完成。

另一個(gè)區(qū)別是，由過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作常持續(xù)進(jìn)行直到或甚至超過說話的時(shí)間(這個(gè)時(shí)間是在過去)。而由過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作雖可以發(fā)生在這一說話時(shí)間之前不久，但動(dòng)作與說話之間可以有較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間間隔：

He had been painting the door.

他當(dāng)時(shí)一直在油漆門。(油漆大概還未干。)

He had painted the door.

重點(diǎn)閱讀：

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