考研英語閱讀基礎(chǔ)階段做題四步驟

一開學，各位學子迎來了新的學期，這也就意味著考研復(fù)習基礎(chǔ)階段的黃金時期到來了，所以各位學子一定要抓住這段黃金復(fù)習期，提高自己的英語基礎(chǔ)水平。

考研英語基礎(chǔ)階段的主要任務(wù)是攻克詞匯和語法長難句。但是背單詞是各位考生最為頭疼的事情。與此同時，長難句由于缺乏語境也很難理解。面對此種情況，在此為各位學子推薦一種輕松記憶單詞和長難句的好方法。在這個階段，各位學子可以認真研讀1994-2004年的真題，從真題中汲取營養(yǎng)，攻克詞匯和語法長難句。7月份之前，如果各位考生能夠?qū)?0年52篇文章做到精讀，相信大家的詞匯和語法長難句一定會有大的突破，并且為強化階段的學習奠定堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

基礎(chǔ)階段精讀復(fù)習方法及步驟：

1.快速瀏覽選項，把握文章主題

2.精讀各段落，攻克詞匯和語法長難句

3.作答題目，理解文章含義

4.翻譯全文，再次鞏固復(fù)習詞匯和語法長難句

下面我們?yōu)楦魑粚W子精細分析1994年Text1

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits andthe desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

1. In Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means ________.

[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes

[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased

[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.

[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

[B] consumers can express their demands through producers

[C] producers decide the prices of products

[D] supply and demand regulate prices

3. According to the text, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.

[A] private property and rights concerned

[B] manpower and natural resources control

[C] ownership of productive resources

[D] free contracts and prices

4. The text is mainly about ________.

[A] how American goods are produced

[B] how American consumers buy their goods

[C] how American economic system works

[D] how American businessmen make their profits

一、快速瀏覽選項，把握文章主題

根據(jù)題干中“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，a private-enterprise economy”，可知本篇文章屬于經(jīng)濟類文章，而且通過individuals和a private-enterprise economy可知本文一定與私有經(jīng)濟有關(guān)。

二、精讀各段落，攻克詞匯和語法長難句

詞匯精解

(1)enterprise (n.)企(事)業(yè)單位，事業(yè)，事業(yè)心，進取心;private ~私人企業(yè)，

(2)orient (v.)為……定方向，為……定位，(n.)東方;oriental (a.)東方的;-oriented后綴意思是：以……為目標的，如：market- oriened以市場為導向的

(3)strive (v.)奮斗，爭取，strive to/for/against努力，爭取

(4)motive (n.)動機，目的;(a.)運動的，發(fā)動的

(5)coupled with與……結(jié)合在一起;couple (v.)連接，結(jié)合

(6)mechanism (n.)機制，機構(gòu)，機械裝置，mechanics(n.)力學，機械學

(7)bid (n. / v.)出價，投標，bid up哄抬價格

(8)regulating (a.)調(diào)節(jié)的，regulate (v.) regulation (n.)

(9)gain control over獲得對……的控制

(10)profit (n.)利潤，收益，益處，at a profit獲得利潤地;(v.)獲益，得利，有利于，profit by/from sth.

長難句精解

①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

該句的主干是“The American economic system is organized around a… economy in which”, economy前面的定語修飾成分是private-enterprise, market-oriented，后面是in which引導的定語從句。從句的主干是“consumers determine what… by spending… for…”, what引導賓語從句，by引導的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語，而這個方式狀語中for引導的介詞短語又做動詞spend的目的狀語，此外，其中還嵌套了一個that引導的定語從句。

譯文：美國的經(jīng)濟體制是在基本上由私營企業(yè)組成并以市場為導向的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。在這個經(jīng)濟體制上，需要生產(chǎn)什么主要是由消費者在市場上花錢購買他們最需要的商品和服務(wù)決定的。

②Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

此句的主干是it is… that together determine…強調(diào)句。coupled with和and連接三個并列成分the demand of individual consumers, the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes。determine后是what和how連接的并列的賓語從句，句末it指代的是前面的what shall be produced。

譯文：在美國經(jīng)濟體制中，消費者個人的需求、商人獲取最大利潤的追求和消費者渴望最大限度地增加自己的收入共同決定應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源去生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。

③In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .

注意句子主干是：the concept of private property embraces not only… but also…。其中including…分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語，對certain rights進行修飾。句中的embrace意思是：擁有，包括。

譯文：在美國經(jīng)濟中，私人財產(chǎn)的概念不僅僅包含對生產(chǎn)資料的所有權(quán)，還包含某些其他權(quán)利，其中包括對產(chǎn)品的定價格和與另一私營者簽訂自由合同的權(quán)利。

④If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

該句的主干是“If… this will tend to increase… which will…”，前面條件從句的主語是動名詞producing,主句的主語this指的是reducing its cost這件事，定語從句中的which指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。in turn意思是：相應(yīng)地，轉(zhuǎn)而。如：Increased production will, in turn, lead to increased profits.增加生產(chǎn)會繼而增加利潤。

譯文：另一方面，如果商品的大量生產(chǎn)導致成本的降低，這會促使增加銷售商和生產(chǎn)商的供給，從而反過來導致價格下降，致使更多的消費者購買產(chǎn)品。

三、作答題目，理解文章含義

1.【答案】D

【解析】詞義句意題。先定位到第一段末句。解題的關(guān)鍵是看對maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”將生產(chǎn)者和消費者的愿望對照來說。句中的兩個maximize平衡并列，作用、意義完全相同。因此知道m(xù)aximize在第一處的意義即可知道第二處之意。眾所周知，商人總是想用最少的投入取得最大的利潤，這就是maximize的意義。由此可知，消費者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用現(xiàn)有收入買到更多更好的商品。而D選項恰是此意。

A和B選項未在原文提及。C選項反映的是勞資雙方的關(guān)系，而不是生產(chǎn)者與消費者之間的關(guān)系。

2.【答案】D

【解析】事實細節(jié)題。D選項就是該段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers”的概括，為正確答案。

A選項在這兩句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意為“機制”，而該選項中的mechanized意為“機械化”，二者含義不同。誤選B選項的考生是對該段首句的語法成分分析錯誤。它是一個省略句，補全后應(yīng)該是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by producers”。由此可知，消費者通過這一機制表達他們的需求，而生產(chǎn)者則通過這一機制對他們的需求作出反應(yīng)。B選項理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by producers。C選項與第二句“供求關(guān)系決定價格”不符，也應(yīng)該排除。此題亦可通過經(jīng)濟常識解答。

注意：干擾選項經(jīng)常使用原文中出現(xiàn)的詞語或類似的結(jié)構(gòu)偽造，所以對那些出現(xiàn)了原詞的選項一定要仔細辨認真?zhèn)巍?

3.【答案】A

【解析】主旨題。題干要求考生回答私營企業(yè)經(jīng)濟的特點，即第三段的主題。該段只有兩句。第一句強調(diào)的是私營企業(yè)最重要的因素是個人擁有生產(chǎn)資料(私人財產(chǎn))、允許個人雇用勞動力和控制自然資源。第二句是指私人財產(chǎn)的概念還包含某些其他權(quán)利，如：產(chǎn)品價格的決定權(quán)或與其他私有個體的自由權(quán)。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。A選項是對上述內(nèi)容的概括，為正確答案。

而B、C和D選項雖然都在第三段述及，但是都是A選項下的具體內(nèi)容，缺乏概括性，不應(yīng)該入選。

命題意圖要求考生區(qū)分段落細節(jié)與段落中心是局部與整體的關(guān)系。

4.【答案】C

【解析】主旨題。解此題需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段論述美國經(jīng)濟體制的構(gòu)成;第二段介紹市場經(jīng)濟的運行方式;第三段介紹私營經(jīng)濟的特點。后兩段是對第一段的進一步論述。由此可見，美國經(jīng)濟體制的構(gòu)成和運作是本文論述的中心。C選項正反映了這一主題。

A、B和D選項都在文中有所涉及，但都是具體細節(jié)，比較片面，應(yīng)該排除。此題還可以通過直接對選項進行比較排除來解題。A、B和D都在文中述及，分屬于三個獨立的、不同的概念。其中任意一個可代表其他兩個，而C選項概括性強，可以包括A、B和D，故C為正確答案。

四、翻譯全文，再次鞏固復(fù)習詞匯和語法長難句

美國的經(jīng)濟體制是在基本上由私營企業(yè)組成并以市場為導向的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。在這個經(jīng)濟體制里，需要生產(chǎn)什么主要是由消費者在市場上花錢購買他們最需要的商品和服務(wù)決定的。為了獲取利潤，私有企業(yè)主之間互相競爭，來生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品和提供這些服務(wù)。在競爭的壓力下運作，追求利潤的動機很大程度上決定了生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)的方式。因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體制中，消費者個人的需求、商人對獲取最大利潤的追求以及消費者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有這些共同決定了應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源去生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。

在以市場為導向的經(jīng)濟中的一個重要因素是反映消費者需求以及生產(chǎn)者對消費者需求作出反應(yīng)的機制。在美國經(jīng)濟中，這一機制是由價格體制提供，在價格體系中，價格隨消費者的相對需求和出售者及生產(chǎn)者的供應(yīng)情況而上下浮動。如果產(chǎn)品相對供不應(yīng)求，價格就會抬升，從而使一些消費者從市場上消失。另一方面，如果商品的大量生產(chǎn)導致成本的降低，這會促使銷售商和生產(chǎn)商供給的增加，從而反過來導致價格下降，致使更多的消費者購買產(chǎn)品。因此，價格是美國經(jīng)濟體制中的調(diào)節(jié)機制。

私有企業(yè)經(jīng)濟的一個重要因素是允許個人擁有生產(chǎn)資料(私有財產(chǎn))，允許他們雇用勞動力，控制自然資源，以及生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品、提供服務(wù)以獲取利潤。在美國經(jīng)濟中，私人財產(chǎn)的概念不僅僅包含對生產(chǎn)資料的所有權(quán)，還包含某些其他權(quán)利，其中包括確定產(chǎn)品的價格或與另一私營者簽訂自由合同。

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