考研英語閱讀基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)兩大預(yù)備知識(shí)

一般來講，搞定考研英語閱讀首要任務(wù)是背會(huì)基本單詞，熟悉長(zhǎng)句。但是，這里，必須要將哲學(xué)在英語閱讀的地位提出來。

我們應(yīng)該都注意到了，考研英語閱讀文章的體裁大部分都是說明文和議論文。而這種體裁的文章，都是邏輯非常嚴(yán)密的文章。命題專家組不但選文是邏輯性強(qiáng)的，考察重點(diǎn)也是邏輯性較強(qiáng)的。我們經(jīng)常遇到的"看懂了文章，卻做不對(duì)題目"正是由于我們僅僅看懂了文章的字面意思，沒有去認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的邏輯關(guān)系。另外，考研作文長(zhǎng)久以來的"三段式"也是直接考察邏輯思維的。結(jié)構(gòu)一般是這樣的：

主題(本質(zhì))段：拿出主題X的句子 定義X的句子

展開段：正推1 邏輯證明正推1; 正推2 邏輯證明正推2。

總結(jié)段：對(duì)主題用辨證邏輯來下結(jié)論。

考研閱讀的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)形式與這個(gè)大都差不多。注意，是邏輯順序決定了這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【基礎(chǔ)】

能夠比較連貫地看懂文章。

【預(yù)備知識(shí)】

(這些預(yù)備知識(shí)開始只需知道即可，不必細(xì)究)

1、思考方法

"X 是什么意思?"(就此一問題而言，X 可以是指一個(gè)概念、一個(gè)句子或一個(gè)問題。)

"X 有什么根據(jù)?"(就此一問題而言，X 可以是指一個(gè)斷言或理論。)

考研閱讀一般會(huì)在首句給出文章主題X，要養(yǎng)成認(rèn)出X馬上就問自己以上兩個(gè)問題的習(xí)慣。比如首句是"人是自私的嗎?"，那么顯然，自私就是X，作者一般會(huì)對(duì)X做概念解釋，然后通過正面證明自己觀點(diǎn)和反駁相反觀點(diǎn)的一系列邏輯推理來得出結(jié)論。至于究竟在哲學(xué)上應(yīng)該如何下定義和推理，這里不必細(xì)究，只要知道有這個(gè)過程就好了。因?yàn)槊}專家組就是要考察我們的邏輯思維能力。

2、必要條件和充分條件

當(dāng)我們說甲是乙的必要條件(necessary condition)時(shí)，意思是說沒有甲，乙便不可能存在。

當(dāng)我們說甲是乙的足夠(或充份)條件(sufficient condition)時(shí)，意思是說若甲存在，則乙亦必定存在。換句話說，沒有可能有甲而沒乙。

有四條邊是一個(gè)正方形的必要條件。廉潔是成為好的公務(wù)員的必要條件。 氧氣是人類生存的必要條件。 擁有十個(gè)椰子是擁有多過三個(gè)椰子的充分條件。 絕對(duì)零度是物質(zhì)份子活動(dòng)停頓的充分條件。

以上的主題分別是"四條邊、廉潔、氧氣、有10個(gè)椰子、絕對(duì)0度"，文章之后必然會(huì)對(duì)其充分條件"正方形、好的公務(wù)員、人類生存"或者必要條件"有>三個(gè)椰子、物質(zhì)分子活動(dòng)停頓"進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。

預(yù)備知識(shí)就先這么多好了，多了大家都不愿意看了。

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練1】

2004年研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題 閱讀TEX1 題號(hào)：41～45

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent".【本文的主題詞在第二句P.S.A個(gè)人搜索工具?？吹街黝}X應(yīng)該怎么做?問自己X是什么、X作用根據(jù)】 It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.【很好，符合我們的思維，作者馬上對(duì)X做了定義】 Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold,' says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. 【更好，這幾句是對(duì)X能夠作用舉例論證。邏輯性非常強(qiáng)】

【本段小結(jié)一下：主題 主題定義 主題根據(jù)。出題點(diǎn)不可能問主題是什么(都告訴我們了還考什么啊!一定是考緊跟其后的主題定義或者主題根據(jù)，又由于主題定義作者給的非常清楚明白，因此，重點(diǎn)出題點(diǎn)可能在主題根據(jù))】

With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases.【講了PSA的優(yōu)勢(shì)1：省時(shí)高效】 But 【剛才是PSA的優(yōu)勢(shì)，看到轉(zhuǎn)折詞，應(yīng)該提醒自己了，要說劣勢(shì)了】although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.【很好，和我們預(yù)期的一樣，連專家都說有缺點(diǎn)了】 Narrowing your criteria【講劣勢(shì)1，之后顯然是"拉虎皮做大旗"，用專家的話來證明其劣勢(shì)】, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert.

【本段講了主題的優(yōu)劣，是辨證的思維方式。小時(shí)候說"XXX是壞人"就不是辨證的思維。出題點(diǎn)肯定是優(yōu)勢(shì)1或者劣勢(shì)1了?！?

For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept -- what you think you want to do -- then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. 【劣勢(shì)1的主人不再僅僅是PSA，而且是所有工作搜索工具，歸納思想】"There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead,【好了，都"辨證"的看了優(yōu)劣了，估計(jì)作者要講怎樣辨證的使用PSA了】 the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide. 【太好了。我們的思路和作者幾乎一致了?！?

【本段的重心在"辨證使用PSA"。出題點(diǎn)可能就這一個(gè)?！?

Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. 【在"開發(fā)PSA-PSA-使用PSA"這個(gè)關(guān)系里，后兩個(gè)都講了，現(xiàn)在講到開發(fā)PSA了】When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do. 【講開發(fā)者的吸引回訪策略1】"On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. 【又是用別人的話再次論證此策略之成功】

【本段是關(guān)系式里的頭把交椅"開發(fā)者"，因此，必然會(huì)對(duì)其策略出題?！?

Even【強(qiáng)調(diào)詞】 those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. 【再次轉(zhuǎn)回使用者，并且擴(kuò)大使用者的范圍。下面一定會(huì)論證憑什么擴(kuò)大這個(gè)范圍】Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. 【的確?！緼lthough happily employed, Redmon【Redmon再次閃亮登場(chǎng)!目的就是進(jìn)一步證明作者的推理無誤】 maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

【本段是結(jié)尾段。但似乎沒有結(jié)束，這說明此文可能是節(jié)選。重心在使用者范圍的擴(kuò)大上。題目一定在"擴(kuò)大"上做文章?！?

41. How did Redmon find his job?

【找到了工作就是主題根據(jù)。作者費(fèi)盡口舌就是為了說明PSA有用。我們可以把自己假想為PSA的推銷員，我們的開頭語應(yīng)該說"Redmon就是用了我們的XXX才找到工作的"吧?如果一開始就說A/B/D那些細(xì)節(jié)步驟的話，聽者早跑光了?！?

[A] By searching openings in a job database.

[B] By posting a matching position in a database.

【C】 By using a special service of a database.

[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.

42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?

【和我們看文章的時(shí)候分析的出題點(diǎn)一樣。就是劣勢(shì)1。A】

【A】 Lack of counseling.

[B] Limited number of visits.

[C] Lower efficiency.

[D] Fewer successful matches.

43. The expression "tip service" (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means

【果然是考如何辨證使用PSA的細(xì)節(jié)。Tip service是作者話語中的表語，非常重要的?！?

[A] advisory.

[B] compensation.

[C] interaction.

【D】 reminder.

44. Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

【果然考策略。題干是策略，考的策略目的。文章很清楚的?！?

[A] To focus on better job matches.

【B】 To attract more returning visits.

[C] To reserve space for more messages.

[D] To increase the rate of success.

45. Which of the following is true according to the text?

【這種題目就是"根據(jù)本文，可以推理出什么……"，很直接地考推理!】

[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. 【形而上學(xué)，明明作者是辨證的。這里怎么這么絕對(duì)?注意，如果作者的觀點(diǎn)是形而上學(xué)的，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就有可能是正確選項(xiàng)】

[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. 【目的?應(yīng)該關(guān)注該段主題句，是為了增大訪問量】

【C】 Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. 【好選項(xiàng)。最后一段都是講它，再不選更待何時(shí)!】

[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. 【搞反了嘛!】

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

41. [答案] [C]

[解析] 這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，問Redman是怎樣找到工作的。依據(jù)文章第一段，可知答案為C。

42. [答案] [A]

[解析] 這是一道細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。第三段前三句中，作者借專家之言表達(dá)了自己對(duì)搜索工具的缺陷的看法：確實(shí)職業(yè)咨詢特征。選項(xiàng)A符合此意，為正確答案。

43. [答案] [D]

[解析] 這是一道詞義題。依據(jù)第三段的第四句可知，"tip service"只起提示作用(reminder)，故答案為D。A. advisory意為"咨詢，顧問"，與文章內(nèi)容不符，因?yàn)槲恼抡f這種搜索agent缺的正是咨詢特征。

44. [答案] [B]

[解析] 這是一道涉及因果關(guān)系的細(xì)節(jié)題。依據(jù)第四段首句可知答案為B。

45. [答案] [C]

[解析] 這是一道是非判斷題。依據(jù)第五段首句可明確得知，C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

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