什么是句子簡化題?
這類題目會在原文一段話中“高亮”出一個句子：
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size.If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
然后結(jié)合這個句子問這樣一個問題：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
這種題型叫做句子簡化題。
怎么整能做對?
首先，既然題目讓我們選擇與原句句意相同的選項，那就必須要保證能夠讀懂題目和各個選項句子的意思。切記，看懂才能做題，看不懂句子不要談提高正確率。
可在公共號中回復：長難句，即可獲得相關(guān)文章。
看懂題目句子，在做這種題的時候可能還會在如下兩點上出現(xiàn)錯誤：
句子太長、信息太多，在判斷選項的時候容易被選項拐跑，忘記了原句準確的意思，勿中干擾選項的陷阱。
對于原句和選項的改寫判斷錯誤，錯選意思與原句不相符的答案
問題1：句子太長、信息太多，在判斷選項的時候容易被選項拐跑，忘記了原句準確的意思，勿中干擾選項的陷阱。
這個問題可以通過以下這個方式來解決。讀完句子后、判斷選項前，我們嘗試著把剛看完的這個長長的句子“分層”。所謂的分層，是根據(jù)連接詞將長句子中的幾個分句分別挑出來，單獨來看。就好像把一個蛋糕分成小塊，吃起來才比較方便。之后，判斷每個選項時，也將選項進行分層。我們要將原句的每一塊“蛋糕”，和選項的每一塊“蛋糕”分別進行比對，來判斷該選項是否與原文一直。同時，除了判斷每一個分句句意是否對應(yīng)，也要判斷連接分句的連接詞是否也能構(gòu)成對應(yīng)的改寫。
例題：
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
○Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
讀清楚題目句子的意思之后，根據(jù)連接詞將它分成三個部分，如下所示。
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
“準備工作”完成之后，我們來依次判斷選項。
A選項錯誤：第一部分“Running water was the best power source for factories”的意思，原文三部分都未曾提及。原句橙色部分只說“只有水完全適合機械的持續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)”，但是否只有水適合、或者水最適合factories?factories和machine的持續(xù)運作并不等價。其次，原文的藍色部分也并沒有提到A選項后半部分所述的“流水僅僅在Lancashire和Scotland是很豐富的”。
B選項錯誤：第二部分“so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places”在原句中并未提到，原句藍色部分只說“L和S地區(qū)的水力能夠給grain mills和textile mills提供動力”。
C選項錯誤：第一部分上來就錯了，原句橙色部分根本沒講“機械只能在水很豐富的地方運行”。
D選項正確：第一部分對應(yīng)原句橙色部分，第二部分對應(yīng)原句紫色部分，妥妥的正確。
問題2：對于原句和選項的改寫判斷錯誤，錯選意思與原句不相符的答案
如果是因為對句意和選項意思把握不夠準確而產(chǎn)生的這個問題，請多讀讀文章，認真背單詞，好好翻譯翻譯句子。
如果是邏輯不夠嚴謹、不夠仔細而導致判斷改寫出錯，“錯把馮京當馬涼”，請多刷刷題，各種題，都能治。
一些防不勝防的變態(tài)正確選項
#1 正確答案的邏輯關(guān)系與原句的邏輯關(guān)系貌似不符(出現(xiàn)幾率10.7%)
有些同學喜歡根據(jù)“邏輯”來判斷選項的正誤，選項有原文的“邏輯關(guān)系”(大部分時候其實就是連詞)，那么選項有可能是正確的。下面的例題對于這種解法提了個醒。
例題：
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
正確答案為：
Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
正確選項的因果關(guān)系在原文并未直接給出，但是記住，邏輯關(guān)系并不一定是通過連接詞來表達的，比如result from就可以表示因果關(guān)系，經(jīng)過改寫完全可以變成“because … , …”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。再者，往往很多邏輯關(guān)系在初步理解句意的時候是無法非常直觀的判斷出來。
本題的句意，不僅描述了myths被保留下來，更是說明保留神話的原因是其藝術(shù)價值，所以正確答案的這個因果關(guān)系是符合原句意思的。
再比如這個題目：
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.
正確答案：
Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
這答案根本沒有原文的“but”，但是并不影響這個句子100%復述了題目句子的含義。
出現(xiàn)幾率10%，這個比例并非小數(shù)目。這恰巧說明，同意改寫確實是閱讀中考察的一個重點。而同意改寫并非一些古板的規(guī)則能夠歸納總結(jié)，具體情況還是要根據(jù)人家給出的句子和選項的意思來判斷。
#2 正確答案并不包含句子主干(出現(xiàn)幾率5.4%)or省略部分原句信息(出現(xiàn)幾率35.7%)
納尼!居然以前老師講的“對應(yīng)主干”是不對的?
其實把這個現(xiàn)象解釋成“沒有100%通用的方法”，是可以說得通的，畢竟萬事沒有培訓。但是對于這種題目，“對應(yīng)主干”的解題步驟可能需要打個折扣。原因在于一個句子的essential information有時候未必通過句子結(jié)構(gòu)能夠判斷出來，就好像“狀語”和“定語”有時候都長一個樣子。
遇到這類題目，使用排除的思路更合適。最后剩下的那個選項與原句部分相符，而其他選項句意都錯誤，即使它不包含主干，那么也唯有選它了。
例題：
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
“據(jù)說”句子的主語和謂語在答案中是需要有的，不過答案偏偏是：Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
找誰說理去。
除了句子“主干”被拋棄，“次要信息”被拋棄的情況會更多，出現(xiàn)幾率更大，相信大家在做TPO的時候一定會遇到個把這樣的選項，扔掉了部分原句的內(nèi)容。由于這類選項很多，在這兒就不舉例子了。
#3 句子中會出現(xiàn)指代前文的代詞，需要根據(jù)前文確認指代內(nèi)容(出現(xiàn)幾率5.4%)
比如剛才那道running water的題，原句上來就是only the last of these。要想看懂句意，必然結(jié)合前文確定指代內(nèi)容，這樣才能選擇答案。
#4 結(jié)合前文信息，才能準確理解并判斷選項(出現(xiàn)幾率3.6%)
例題：
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
正確答案為：
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
很多同學對這個題目中open areas開闊地區(qū)和deforested grounds的改寫非常費解。其實這個句子的前文講到了第三個使得鹿群數(shù)量增長的原因，這個原因就是森林都被砍伐了。然后這句話說道，open areas的食物不僅多、而且有營養(yǎng)，就是黑尾鹿增加的原因。所以前文提到的森林都被砍伐了的地區(qū)deforested grounds就是句子里說到的open areas。極個別的題目，還真沒法只看這一句就100%理解并得到答案。
#5 正確選項和原句句意差別較大(出現(xiàn)幾率5.4%)
例題：
Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
正確答案為：
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
原句所述為“物質(zhì)的化學和物理性質(zhì)會隨著環(huán)境變化，這些物質(zhì)能夠以一定的順序沉積，從而記錄這些性質(zhì)變化的情況”，而正確答案內(nèi)容為“沉積的物質(zhì)中特性的變化能夠表明環(huán)境的變化”。
這個正確選項雖未能與原句每部分直接構(gòu)成明顯的改寫，但根據(jù)原句的意思是能夠得出這個答案的。這種情況下，同樣也要有排除選項的意識的。我們可以摟一眼下面的錯誤選項，意思都與原文是不相符的。
錯誤選項：
○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.
○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.
○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.
雖然這些變態(tài)的情況出現(xiàn)幾率不算高，但是大家也需要注意，以免到時候丟分。如果不注意，不要再來問：為什么我會錯個別的句子簡化題。
這TM也配當錯誤選項
大部分錯誤選項與原句信息不符、或講述了一些原句根本沒有提到的內(nèi)容。但是還有一些選項，句意沒錯，但并不能作為正確答案，原因是這樣的。
例題：
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
正確選項：
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
干擾選項：
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
正確選項不僅對應(yīng)原句逗號前面整句話的信息，還包含了逗號后面的內(nèi)容。干擾選項雖然對應(yīng)逗號前面的部分，但是逗號后面的內(nèi)容并未包含。相比之下，包含原句的信息更多且句意正確的選項，更應(yīng)該是正確答案。
換個角度來講，正確答案的意思更能夠完整表達原句的意思。原句逗號后面的內(nèi)容雖然是從句，但卻是整個過程發(fā)生后的結(jié)果。干擾選項未將其納入句中，表達的意思便稍稍欠缺火候。
擴展閱讀：
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備考資料歷年真題
