職稱英語培訓(xùn) 職稱英語培訓(xùn) 發(fā)布時(shí)間： 2016年03月14日
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Fermi Problem
On a Monday morning in July, the world's first atom bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb's energy had equated 10, 000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermi's genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction(核鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)), leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi's death in 1954, no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist and a leading theoretician.
Like all virtuosos (藝術(shù)品鑒賞家), Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits - talent we all can use in our daily lives.
To develop this talent in his students, Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven't the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution.
Suppose you want to determine Earth's circumference (圓周長) without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours if one-eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation (公轉(zhuǎn)), so its circumference must be eight times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 miles, by less than four percent.
Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesn't matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas (困境) as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches you life.
1、Fermi’s team was impressed by Fermi's announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 A
【答案解析】 該題是細(xì)節(jié)方面的題。利用題干中的“Fermi's team，in the base camp，work out the power of the atom bomb”作為答案線索詞，這樣在第1段的第2，3，4句中找到答案相關(guān)句。
2、Fermi, an experimentalist as well as a theoretician, won a Nobel Prize for producing the first nuclear chain reaction in the world.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 B
【答案解析】 該題是細(xì)節(jié)方面的題。利用“the first nuclear chain reaction，Nobel Prize”這樣的特征詞作為答案線索詞，這樣在第1段中找到答案相關(guān)句：In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction…他在1938年就已獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。四年之后，他創(chuàng)造了第一次原子核的鏈反應(yīng)，帶領(lǐng)我們進(jìn)入了原子時(shí)代。
3、Dividing a big problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 A
【答案解析】 該題是細(xì)節(jié)方面的題。利用“big problem，small problems，talent”作為答案線索詞，這樣在第2段找到答案相關(guān)句，判斷問題句的說法正確。即：像所有的藝術(shù)家一樣，費(fèi)米有他自己的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格。他喜歡用最直接的路徑去解決問題。他非常善于把困難問題分解成小的可以解決的小部分——這種能力我們在日常生活中都可以使用。
4、Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into sub-problems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi problem.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 A
【答案解析】 該句是總結(jié)概括性的話語，推測可能需要進(jìn)行推斷。利用“Fermi problem，talent”作為答案線索詞，這樣在第2、3段找到答案相關(guān)句群，判斷問題句的說法正確。
5、Then the fourth paragraph tells us how Fermi solved the problem of earth’s circumference without looking up.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 B
【答案解析】 第四段講的是：假設(shè)你想不通過查閱而確定地球周長。每個(gè)人都知道紐約離洛杉磯大約3 000英里遠(yuǎn)，且兩地的時(shí)區(qū)差為3小時(shí)。3小時(shí)是一天的1/8，一天剛好是地球完成一次公轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)間。所以它的周長肯定是3 000英里的八倍，即24 000英里。這個(gè)答案與真正的地球周長值24 902.45英里只相差不足4%。這只是在對該段的前句(有關(guān)Fermi problem的具體內(nèi)容)進(jìn)行舉例說明， 而不是Fermi在解決這個(gè)問，題因此判斷問題句的說法錯(cuò)誤。
6、The last paragraph concludes the whole writing by stressing the value of important inventions and small discoveries.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 B
【答案解析】 最后一段的主題句為段首和段末句，這都與本題問的內(nèi)容不一致。
7、Fermi was famous for inventing a device to calculate bomb’s energy accurately.
A、Right
B、Wrong
C、Not mentioned
【正確答案】 C
【答案解析】 該題也是關(guān)于細(xì)節(jié)方面的問題，通常答案的位置應(yīng)該在上一題答案位置的后面，但在最后一段中并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)問題所提到的內(nèi)容，利用“device to calculate bomb's energy accurately”作為答案線索結(jié)構(gòu)，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中也并沒有這樣的詞或其近義詞，所以判斷問題句為“沒提到”。
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