職稱英語培訓(xùn) 職稱英語培訓(xùn) 發(fā)布時(shí)間： 2016年02月24日
分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)所學(xué)語法的綜合運(yùn)用。對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是否清楚、明白是能否正確解答問題的關(guān)鍵。因此學(xué)會(huì)如何分析句子對(duì)更深刻、準(zhǔn)確地理解題意，提高解題能力至關(guān)重要。
所謂分析句子就是要剖析句子各個(gè)不同成分，并弄清楚他們彼此之間的關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)對(duì)怎樣分析句子做一簡(jiǎn)單介紹。
分析句子的步驟：
①先找出句子的謂語動(dòng)詞，并考慮動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，這是能否正確分析句子的關(guān)鍵。
②找出和謂語關(guān)系最密切的句子成分一主語。審查兩者之間的關(guān)系是否一致。
③確認(rèn)動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)后，進(jìn)一步分析動(dòng)詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如與賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、狀語以及與小品詞的關(guān)系等。
現(xiàn)做具體說明如下：
1.謂語動(dòng)詞：謂語動(dòng)詞是句子的核心。任何時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)，語氣都是由謂語動(dòng)詞表示出來。所以在分析句子時(shí)首先要分析謂語動(dòng)詞。
動(dòng)詞有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)他們的功能，可以構(gòu)成下列幾種基本句型，
①主語 系動(dòng)詞 表語（主系表結(jié)構(gòu)），如：
This lesson is very difficult.這課很難。
②主語 不及物動(dòng)詞，如；
He has come.他已經(jīng)來了。
③主語 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語（主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)），如，
He reads English everyday. 他每天讀英語。
④主語 及物動(dòng)詞 間接賓語 直接賓語或主語牛及物動(dòng)詞 直接賓語 介詞（to或for等） 間接賓語，如：
His father bought him 9 new bike yesterday.
His father bought a new bike for him yesterday，
昨天他父親給他買了一輛新自行車。
⑤主語 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語十賓語補(bǔ)語，如：
We made him our monitor.我們讓他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。
2.主謂關(guān)系：任何簡(jiǎn)單的句子都有主語和謂語，在分析主謂關(guān)系是否一致時(shí)，可從三個(gè)方面考慮。即語法上的一致，語言內(nèi)容上的一致和就近一致。
①語法上的一致：指謂語動(dòng)詞的形式要與主語的形式一致。主浯為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也采取單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。這個(gè)法則符合語法形式上一致的原則。
以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語，動(dòng)名詞短浯或從句做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。以what引起的從句做主語時(shí)，在大多數(shù)情況下其后面的謂語動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式。如：
What we have seen is different[rom what we have heard.
（what從句作主語，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）
To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly，
（不定式短語作主語）
A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.
（不可數(shù)名詞作主語）
用“and，，和”both … and“連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞多用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但并列主語如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的時(shí)候，and后面的名詞沒有冠詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.
The poet and writer has come.
Bread and butter is daily food in the West.
主語是單數(shù)后面跟as well as，with，besides，along with，together with等，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)，如：
The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
My sister，together with Jane and James，is gone.
一些有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，例如clothes.scissors，trousers，scales，spectacles等，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如在成雙的東西的名詞前面有apairo{時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：
My trousers are being mended.
This pair of scissors belongs to me.
有些詞尾有“s”的學(xué)科名稱，做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：
Mathematics is taught here.
。
②語言內(nèi)容上的一致：主要指從意義上考慮主謂一致的問題。主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；主語形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上為單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
One hundred tons of water were used last week.（強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量）
Ten minutes is enough.（強(qiáng)調(diào)整體）
News is travelling fast nowadays.
This glass works was built in 1985.
有復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞，如：police，militia，people，cattle等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.
Cattle feed on grass.
有些集合名詞，如；family，group，crowd，class，audience，government，committee.說話人把它們所表示的人或事當(dāng)做整體看時(shí)，作單數(shù)看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；說話者把它們表示的人或事物當(dāng)做若干個(gè)體來看時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)看待，謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
My family is large.
My family are anxious about his safety.
③就近一致：由并列連詞如：whether……or，not only……but also，either……or，neither……nor，or連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞與其最近的主語保持一致。如：
Either his friends or his brother is wrong.
Either his brother or his friends are wrong.
Not only you but also he is wrong.
Not only he but also you are wrong.
3.動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：在確認(rèn)動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)后，要注意審查其后面的賓語。要特別注意賓語應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞不定式還是應(yīng)該用動(dòng)名詞；賓語補(bǔ)足語是應(yīng)該帶to還是不應(yīng)該帶to；動(dòng)詞后帶的動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式的意義基本相同還是意義不同。
時(shí)態(tài)的一致：某些從句特別是賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，常受主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)的影響，這種現(xiàn)象稱為時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)或時(shí)態(tài)的一致。因而在分析復(fù)合句時(shí)要注意主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)的一致性。
主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以用任何需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
It is said that a new hospital is going to be put up there next year.（現(xiàn)在時(shí)后接將來時(shí)）
Do you know 他昨天為什么沒有來？
A.why he did not come yesterday
B.why he not come yesterday
C.why didn't he come yesterday
D.why did he not come yesterday
現(xiàn)在時(shí)后接過去時(shí)。答案A
I'll write to him when I arrive there.（主句將來時(shí)，從句現(xiàn)在時(shí)。）
主句的時(shí)態(tài)是過去時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般也用過去時(shí)。
①從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
He told me that his uncle……（fly）to Britain the next month.
（答案would fly）
She told me that her daughter was doing her homework.
②從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作先于主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，從句用過去完成時(shí)，如：
She said she had seen the film before.
She said she had finished the work an hour before.
③從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去將來時(shí)。如：
She said she would come again.
He told me he would join the army the next year.
但是如果從句有表示過去的具體時(shí)間狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作雖在主句的謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，仍用一般過去時(shí)。如：
Johntold us hismotherdiedin 1967.
如果從句表示的是不受時(shí)間限制的真理或事實(shí)，即使主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
The teacher told the students water boils at 100C.
She said twice two is four.
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