借他家之言，標新立異
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代表句式 |
意思 |
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1. It was once assumed/ thought |
人們曾經(jīng)認為 |
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2. People may think |
人們可能認為 |
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3. Many people think |
很多人都認為 |
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4. People tend to think |
人們傾向于認為 |
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5. There is a widespread that |
人們普遍認為 |
以上面的句式2和句式3為例，作者為什么要提及“人們可能認為”和“很多人都認為”，意圖是顯而易見的，多半這些句式后面的觀點內(nèi)容都會被**轉(zhuǎn)折的形式反駁掉，然后引出新的觀點或者得出結(jié)論，烤鴨在解題過程中要注意這些句式，尤其是這些句式出現(xiàn)在段落開頭的時候，下面通常都會有轉(zhuǎn)折的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)。
下面以劍橋真題為例，強化烤鴨們對“靶子”句式的理解。
例1：
Cam 6 T2 R1 advantagesof public transport
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List of Headings i Avoiding an overcrowded centre ii A successful exercise in people power iii The benefits of working together in cities iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars v Economic arguments fail to persuade vi The impact of telecommunications on population distribution vii Increases in travelling time viii Responding to arguments against public transport |
It was once assumedthat improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in thepopulation as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTPteam's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities roseor remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation forthis seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fieldstogether. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, andcreativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'
段落開頭的It was once assumed（人們曾經(jīng)認為）烤鴨讀到的時候要特別注意，這句話之后很有可能有轉(zhuǎn)折出現(xiàn)。段落的第二句話However,after decades of decline就把人們曾經(jīng)持有的觀點（通訊的完善會導(dǎo)致人口出現(xiàn)分散）否定掉，段落的重心后移，后面強調(diào)的是把工作在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人集中在一起的好處。
所以這個段落的段意選的是iii.the benefits of working together in cities, 而不選命題人用來干擾烤鴨的vi.the impact of telecommunications on population distribution。
例2：
Cam 8 T1 R2 airtraffic control in the USA
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List of Headings i Disobeying FAA regulations ii Aviation disaster prompts action iii Two coincidental developments iv Setting altitude zones v An oversimplified view vi Controlling pilots' licences vii Defining airspace categories viii Setting rules to weather conditions ix Taking off safely x First steps towards ATC |
Many people thinkthat ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radarscreens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic whatto do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that theairspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds ofplanes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions,and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.
烤鴨在讀到段落開頭的Manypeople think that…這句話的時候要引起警惕，做好預(yù)判，提醒自己下面很有可能會有轉(zhuǎn)折。果不其然，第二句話：Thisis a very incomplete part of the picture就把**句話里很多人都認為的觀點反駁掉了。結(jié)合所讀的備選小標題，答案選v.an oversimplified view（一種過于簡單的看法）。
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TIP: 在筆者日常的聽閱教學(xué)中發(fā)現(xiàn)很多同學(xué)對picture這個單詞的認識不全面，從而出現(xiàn)對句子的誤讀。 The picture: the general situation concerning sth這個表述很多時候結(jié)合語境是“狀況/形勢”的意思，而不是很多烤鴨所理解的“這幅圖片”。 此外，picture還有這樣一層意思：a description that gives you an idea in your mind of what sth is like“描述；描繪”的意思。 This book gives you a good picture of what life was like in Japan in the 19th century. |
例3：
OG T8 R3 left orright?
For many years itwas assumed that lateralisation was a uniquely human trait, but this notionrapidly fell apart as researchers started uncovering evidence of lateralisationin all sorts of animals. For example, in the 1970s, Lesley Rogers, now at theUniversity of New England in Australia, was studying memory and learning inchicks. She had been injecting a chemical into chicks' brains to stop themlearning how to spot grains of food among distracting pebbles, and wassurprised to observe that the chemical only worked when applied to the lefthemisphere of the brain. That strongly suggested that the right side of thechick’s brain played little or no role in the learning of such behaviors.Similar evidence appeared in songbirds and rats around the same time, and sincethen, researchers have built up an impressive catalogue of animal lateralisation.
這是一道很多烤鴨談之色變的“斷子絕孫”（段落信息搭配題）所對應(yīng)的段落，段落開頭的“靶子”—Formany years it was assumed lateralisation was a uniquely human trait.（在過去的很多年，人們都認為身體的偏側(cè)性是人類獨有的特征。）—、在第二句話中即被反駁掉：this notionrapidly fellapart（塌陷；傾覆）as researchers started uncovering evidence oflateralisation in all sorts of animals（研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)身體偏側(cè)性也存在于各種動物中），隨后作者用LesleyRogers做例子來說明身體的偏側(cè)性在動物中的普適性這一現(xiàn)象。
Questions36-40
Reading Passage 3has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Whichparagraph contains the following information?
Writethe correct letter, A-H, in boxes36-40 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
36. description of a study which supports anotherscientist’s findings
37. the suggestion that a person could gain fromhaving an opposing lateralisation to most of the population
38. reference to the large amount of knowledge ofanimal lateralisation that has accumulated
39. research findings that were among the first tocontradict a previous belief
40. a suggestion that lateralisation would seem todisadvantage animals
Q39— researchfindings that were among the first to contradict（v 反駁） aprevious belief—的答案就是段落B了。Aprevious belief對應(yīng)的是Itwas once assumed所引出的觀點，researchfindings that were to contradict對應(yīng)evidence of lateralisation in allsorts of animals及其后面的作為例子的研究。
淺嘗輒止，管中窺豹
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代表句式 |
意思 |
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At first sight |
**眼看上去-- |
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At first glance |
**眼看上去-- |
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On the face of it |
從表面上來看-- |
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Taken at face value |
若只看表面 |
很簡單的道理，**眼看上去所得的和只看表面所得的通常是膚淺的，所以烤鴨們在讀到這樣的句式時也要注意，下面通常也會有轉(zhuǎn)折，轉(zhuǎn)折之后作者把現(xiàn)實實際情況公之于眾。
例4：
OG T2 R2 dawn ofthe robots
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List of Headings i Tackling the issue using a different approach ii A significant improvement on last time iii How robots can save human lives iv Examples of robots at work v Not what it seemed to be vi Why timescales are impossible to predict vii The reason why robots rarely move viii Following the pattern of an earlier development ix The ethical issues of robotics |
At first sight itlooked like a typical suburban road accident. A Land Rover approached a ChevyTahoe estate car that had stopped at a kerb; the Land Rover pulled out andtried to pass the Tahoe just as it started off again. There was a crack offenders and the sound of paintwork being scraped, the kind of minor mishap thatoccurs on roads thousands of times every day. Normally drivers get out, gesticulate,exchange insurance details and then drive off. But not on this occasion. No onegot out of the cars for the simple reason that they had no humans inside them;the Tahoe and Land Rover were being controlled by computers competing inNovember's DARPA (the U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency) UrbanChallenge.
開頭的At first sight, itlooked like a typical suburban road accident.（一眼看上去像是一場普通的郊區(qū)交通事故。）這句話給下面的轉(zhuǎn)折留下伏筆，Normallydrivers get out, and then drive off這句話進一步說明發(fā)生交通事故后司機通常會怎么做，在段落的倒數(shù)第四行，But not on this occasion把前文的描述給予了否定。
結(jié)合備選小標題，A的段意應(yīng)該選v.not what it seemed to be（并不是看上去的那樣）。
例5：
Cam 4 T2 R3 play isa serious business
Then there's theskills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playing animals do appear to bepractising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closerinspection reveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study,behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked atthe predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reachedadulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect ontheir hunting prowess in later life.
開頭的第二句話At first glance,they will need in hunting.（動物的玩耍是在練習(xí)長大后需要的技能）在下一句即被反駁掉：Acloser inspection reveals this interpretation as too simplistic. 下面用一個對貓的研究作為例子，說明貓的玩耍對于之后的捕食技能并沒有什么影響。
假如出一道判斷題：
Playing is conduciveto（有利于發(fā)生/實現(xiàn)的）animal’s hunting skills.
答案很明顯應(yīng)該是FALSE或者NO。
底氣不足，猜測多于肯定
例6：
Cam 10 T3 R2 autumnleaves
Some theories aboutanthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence againstattacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds orincrease a leaf's tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with eachof these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relativelyshort period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyaninswould outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.
段落的開頭提出anthocyanins可能(might)的三個功能：defenseagainst attacks by insects or fungi, attract birds以及increaseleaf’s tolerance to freezing. 第三行的However there are problemswith each of these theories把三個可能的功能都反駁掉。
引申：
劍10的這篇講秋天樹葉變紅原因的文章是雅思閱讀里不太常見的“現(xiàn)象解釋類”文章，在D/E/F三個段落里分別分析了樹葉變紅的原因，縱觀雅思托福閱讀，“現(xiàn)象解釋類”文章的套路是把**合理的假說或者假設(shè)放在**后提出，烤鴨們對此要有個基本的認識。以本篇為例：
D: Anthocyanins:
Function 1: defenseagainst attacks by insects or fungi
Function 2: attractbirds
Function 3: increaseleaf’s tolerance to freezing
Conclusion: Howeverthere are problems with each of these theories.
E: （承接D段提出新理論）Ithas also been proposed that…
Conclusion: the flaw（n缺點；缺陷） inthis theory lies in…
F: perhaps the most plausible(adj 有說服力的）suggestionas to…
小結(jié)：
雅思閱讀需要烤鴨們在日常練習(xí)中不斷提高自己“見一葉而知秋”的能力，也就是提高自己在閱讀中對行文內(nèi)容走向的預(yù)判能力，只有這樣，才能提高自己的解題效率，同時，只有奠定了這樣的基礎(chǔ)，才可以更好地應(yīng)對出國后比較繁重的閱讀任務(wù)。
